The Pentagon
The Pentagon | |
---|---|
General information | |
Architectural style | Classical Revival, Modern, and Stripped Classicism |
Location | Richmond Hwy./VA 110 at I-395, Arlington County, Virginia, U.S. |
Coordinates | 38°52′15″N 77°03′18″W / 38.87083°N 77.05500°W |
Construction started | 11 September 1941 |
Completed | 15 January 1943 |
Cost | $83 million (equivalent to $1.33 billion in 2023)[1] |
Owner | United States Department of Defense |
Height | |
Roof | 77 ft (23 m)[2] |
Dimensions | |
Other dimensions | Sides:
|
Technical details | |
Floor count | 7 (2 underground) |
Floor area | 6,636,360 sq ft (620,000 m2) |
Design and construction | |
Architect(s) | George Bergstrom David J. Witmer |
Main contractor | John McShain, Inc. |
Other information | |
Parking | 67 acres (27 ha) |
Pentagon Office Building Complex | |
NRHP reference No. | 89000932[3] |
VLR No. | 000-0072 |
Significant dates | |
Added to NRHP | 27 July 1988 |
Designated VLR | 18 April 1989[4] |
The Pentagon is the headquarters building of the United States Department of Defense, in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. The building was constructed on an accelerated schedule during World War II. As a symbol of the U.S. military, the phrase The Pentagon is often used as a metonym for the Department of Defense and its leadership.
The building was designed by American architect George Bergstrom and built by contractor John McShain. Ground was broken on 11 September 1941, and the building was dedicated on 15 January 1943. General Brehon Somervell provided the major impetus to gain Congressional approval for the project;[5] Colonel Leslie Groves was responsible for overseeing the project for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which supervised it.
The Pentagon is the world's third-largest office building, with about 6.5 million square feet (600,000 m2) of floor space, 3.7 million square feet (340,000 m2) of which are used as offices.[6][7] It has five sides, five floors above ground, two basement levels, and five ring corridors per floor with a total of 17.5 mi (28.2 km)[7] of corridors, with a central five-acre (2.0 ha) pentagonal plaza. About 23,000 military and civilian employees work in the Pentagon, as well as about 3,000 non-defense support personnel.[7]
In 2001, the Pentagon was damaged during the September 11 attacks. Five Al-Qaeda hijackers flew American Airlines Flight 77 into the western side of the building, killing themselves and 184 other people, including 59 on the airplane and 125 in the Pentagon.[8] It was the first significant foreign attack on federal facilities in the capital area since the burning of Washington during the War of 1812.[9] Following the attacks, the western side of the building was repaired, with a small indoor memorial and chapel added at the point of impact. The coordinated attacks, which killed 2,977 people, were the deadliest terrorist attack in history.
In 2009, an outdoor memorial dedicated to the Pentagon victims of the September 11 attacks was opened directly southwest of the Pentagon.
Layout and facilities
[edit]The Pentagon building spans 28.7 acres (116,000 m2), and includes an additional 5.1 acres (21,000 m2) as a central courtyard.[10]
Starting with the north side and moving clockwise, its five façade entrances are the Mall Terrace, the River Terrace, the Concourse (or Metro Station), the South Parking, and the Heliport.[citation needed] On the north side of the building, the Mall Entrance, which also features a portico, leads out to a 600 ft-long (180 m) terrace that is used for ceremonies. The River Entrance, which features a portico projecting out twenty ft (6 m), is on the northeast side, overlooking the lagoon and facing Washington. A stepped terrace on the River Entrance leads down to the lagoon; and a landing dock was used until the late 1960s to ferry personnel between Bolling Air Force Base and the Pentagon.[10] The main entrance for visitors is on the southeast side, as are the Pentagon Metro station and the bus station.
There is also a concourse on the southeast side of the second floor of the building, which contains a mini-shopping mall. The south parking lot adjoins the southwest façade, and the west side of the Pentagon faces Washington Boulevard.
The concentric rings are designated from the center out as "A" through "E" with additional "F" and "G" rings in the basement. "E" Ring offices are the only ones with outside views and are generally occupied by senior officials. Office numbers go clockwise around each of the rings, and have two parts: a nearest-corridor number (1 to 10), followed by a bay number (00 to 99), so office numbers range from 100 to 1099. These corridors radiate out from the central courtyard, with corridor 1 beginning with the Concourse's south end. Each numbered radial corridor intersects with the corresponding numbered group of offices. Corridor 5, for instance, divides the 500 series office block. There are a number of historical displays in the building, particularly in the "A" and "E" rings.[citation needed]
Subterranean floors in the Pentagon are lettered "B" for Basement and "M" for Mezzanine. The concourse is on the second floor at the Metro entrance. Above-ground floors are numbered 1 to 5. Room numbers are given as the floor, concentric ring, and office number (which is in turn the nearest corridor number followed by the bay number). Thus, office 2B315 is on the second floor, B ring, and nearest to corridor 3 (between corridors 2 and 3). One way to get to this office would be to go to the second floor, get to the A (innermost) ring, go to and take corridor 3, and then turn left on ring B to get to bay 15.[11]
It is possible to walk between any two points in the Pentagon in less than ten minutes, though the optimal route may involve a brisk walk, routing through the open-air central courtyard, or both.[12][13][14] The complex includes eating and exercise facilities as well as meditation and prayer rooms.
Just south of the Pentagon are Pentagon City and Crystal City, extensive shopping, business, and high-density residential districts in Arlington. Arlington National Cemetery is to the north. The Pentagon is surrounded by the relatively complex Pentagon road network.[15]
The Pentagon has six Washington, D.C., ZIP Codes despite its location in Arlington County, Virginia. The U.S. Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the four service branches each have their own ZIP Code.[16]
History
[edit]Background
[edit]Until the Pentagon was built, the United States Department of War was headquartered in the Munitions Building, a temporary structure erected during World War I along Constitution Avenue on the National Mall. The War Department, which was a civilian agency created to administer the U.S. Army, was spread out in additional temporary buildings on the National Mall, as well as dozens of other buildings in Washington, D.C., Maryland and Virginia. In the late 1930s, during the Great Depression and federal construction program, a new War Department Building was constructed at 21st and C Streets in Foggy Bottom but, upon completion, the new building did not solve the department's space problem. It became the headquarters of the Department of State.[17]
When World War II broke out in Europe in 1939, the War Department rapidly expanded to deal with current issues and in anticipation that the United States would be drawn into the conflict. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson found the situation unacceptable, with the Munitions Building overcrowded and department offices spread out in additional sites.[18][19]
Stimson told U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in May 1941 that the War Department needed additional space. On 17 July 1941, a congressional hearing took place, organized by Representative Clifton Woodrum (D-VA), regarding proposals for new War Department buildings. Woodrum pressed Brigadier General Eugene Reybold, who represented the War Department at the hearing, for an "overall solution" to the department's "space problem", rather than building yet more temporary buildings. Reybold agreed to report back to Congress within five days. The War Department called upon its construction chief, General Brehon Somervell, to come up with a plan.[20]
Planning
[edit]Government officials agreed that the War Department building, officially designated Federal Office Building No 1, should be constructed in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. Requirements for the new building were that it be no more than four stories tall, and that it use a minimal amount of steel to reserve that resource for war needs. The requirements meant that, instead of rising vertically, the building would be sprawling over a large area. Possible sites for the building included the Department of Agriculture's Arlington Experimental Farm, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery, and the obsolete Hoover Field site.[21]
The site first chosen was Arlington Farms, which had an asymmetric, roughly pentagonal shape, so the building was planned accordingly as an irregular pentagon.[22] Concerned that the new building could obstruct the view of Washington, D.C., from Arlington Cemetery, President Roosevelt selected the Hoover Airport site instead.[23] The building retained the pentagonal layout because Roosevelt liked it and a major redesign at that stage would have been costly. Freed of the constraints of the Arlington Farms site, the building was modified as a regular pentagon. It resembled star forts constructed during the gunpowder age.[24]
On 28 July, Congress authorized funding for a new Department of War building in Arlington, which would house the entire department under one roof.[25] President Roosevelt officially approved the Hoover Airport site on 2 September.[26] While the project went through the approval process in late July 1941, Somervell selected the contractors, including John McShain, Inc. of Philadelphia, which had built Washington National Airport in Arlington, the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, and the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, along with Wise Contracting Company, Inc. and Doyle and Russell, both from Virginia.[27] In addition to the Hoover Airport site and other government-owned land, construction of the Pentagon required an additional 287 acres (1.16 km2), which were acquired at a cost of $2.2 million (equivalent to $35.2 million in 2023[1]).[28] The Hell's Bottom neighborhood, consisting of numerous pawnshops, factories, approximately 150 homes, and other buildings around Columbia Pike, was cleared to make way for the Pentagon.[29] Later, 300 acres (1.2 km2) of land were transferred to Arlington National Cemetery and to Fort Myer, leaving 280 acres (1.1 km2) for the Pentagon.[28]
Construction
[edit]Contracts totaling $31,100,000 (equivalent to $497 million in 2023[1]) were finalized with McShain and the other contractors on 11 September 1941, and ground was broken for the Pentagon the same day.[30] Among the design requirements, Somervell required that the structural design accommodate floor loads of up to 150 psi (1,000 kPa), in case the building became a records storage facility after the end of the war.[26] A minimal amount of steel was used as it was in short supply. Instead, the Pentagon was built as a reinforced concrete structure, using 680,000 tons of sand dredged from the Potomac River; a lagoon was also created beneath the Pentagon's river entrance.[31] To minimize steel usage, concrete ramps were built rather than installing elevators.[32][33] Indiana limestone was used for the building's façade.[34]
Architectural and structural design work for the Pentagon proceeded simultaneously with construction, with initial drawings provided in early October 1941, and most of the design work completed by 1 June 1942. At times the construction work got ahead of the design, with materials used other than those specified in the plans. Pressure to speed up design and construction intensified after the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, with Somervell demanding that 1 million sq ft (9.3 ha) of space at the Pentagon be available for occupation by 1 April 1943.[35] Chief architect Bergstrom resigned in April 1942 after he was charged with unrelated improper conduct as president of the American Institute of Architects. David J. Witmer replaced Bergstrom on 11 April.[36] Construction was completed 15 January 1943.[37]
Soil conditions of the site – on the Potomac River floodplain – presented challenges, as did the varying elevations across the site, which ranged from ten to forty ft (3 to 12 m) above sea level. Two retaining walls were built to compensate for the elevation variations, and cast-in-place piles were used to deal with the soil conditions.[38] Construction of the Pentagon was completed in approximately 16 months at a total cost of $83 million (equivalent to $1.33 billion in 2023[1]). The building's approximate height is 77 ft (23 m), and each of the five sides is 921 ft (281 m) in length.[2]
The building was built wedge by wedge;[39] each wedge was occupied as soon as it was completed, even as construction continued on the remaining wedges.[40][41]
The Pentagon was designed in accordance with the racial segregation laws in force in the state of Virginia at the time, with separate eating and lavatory accommodations for white and black persons. While the sets of lavatories were side by side, the dining areas for blacks were located in the basement.[42][43][13] The Pentagon’s cafeteria are was segregated by race until May 1942 when Black ordnance worker Jimmy Harold, a draftsman and engineer, refused to eat in the Blacks-only cafeteria at the Pentagon. He and a number of other black workers continued to eat in the whites only cafeteria for several days until things turned violent as Jimmy Harold was beaten by a white security guard. Judge William Hastie, the Black civilian aide to Secretary of War Stimson, soon learned of the incident and was able to get an investigation authorized. Upon hearing about this general Brehon B. Somervell ordered for there to be “discontinuance of any enforced segregation of negro employees in the cafeterias in the Pentagon building.”[44] When Roosevelt visited the facility before its dedication, he ordered removal of the "Whites Only" signs in segregated areas. When the Governor of Virginia protested, Roosevelt's administration responded that the Pentagon, although on Virginia land, was under federal jurisdiction. In addition, its military and civilian federal employees were going to comply with the President's policies. As a result, the Pentagon was the only building in Virginia where racial segregation laws were not enforced (these laws were not overturned until 1965). The side-by-side sets of restrooms still exist, but have been integrated in practice since the building was occupied.[43]
Hall of Heroes
[edit]On the building's main concourse is the Hall of Heroes, opened 1968[45] and dedicated to the more than 3,460 recipients of the Medal of Honor,[note 1] the United States' highest military decoration.[48][49][50][51][52] The three versions of the Medal of Honor – Army, Sea Service (for the Marine Corps, Navy, and Coast Guard), and Air Force (for the Air Force and Space Force) – are on display along with the names of recipients.[51]
The Hall is also used for promotions, retirements, and other ceremonies.[53][54][55][56][57]
Renovation
[edit]From 1998 to 2011, the Pentagon was completely gutted and reconstructed in phases to bring it up to modern standards and improve security and efficiency. Asbestos was removed and all office windows were sealed.[58]
As originally built, most Pentagon office space consisted of open bays which spanned an entire ring. These offices used cross-ventilation from operable windows instead of air conditioning for cooling. Gradually, bays were subdivided into private offices with many using window air conditioning units. With renovations now complete, the new space includes a return to open office bays, and a new Universal Space Plan of standardized office furniture and partitions.[59]
Incidents
[edit]Protests
[edit]During the late 1960s, the Pentagon became a focal point for protests against the Vietnam War. A group of 2,500 women, organized by Women Strike for Peace, demonstrated outside Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara's office at the Pentagon on 15 February 1967.[60] In May 1967, a group of 20 demonstrators held a sit-in outside the Joint Chiefs of Staff's office, which lasted four days before they were arrested.[61] In one of the better known incidents, on 21 October 1967, some 35,000 anti-war protesters organized by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, gathered for a demonstration at the Defense Department (the "March on the Pentagon"). They were confronted by some 2,500 armed soldiers. During the protest, a famous picture was taken, where George Harris placed carnations into the soldiers' gun barrels.[62] The march concluded with an attempt to "exorcise" the building.[63]
On 19 May 1972, the Weather Underground Organization bombed a fourth-floor women's restroom, in "retaliation" for the Nixon administration's bombing of Hanoi in the final stages of the Vietnam War.[64]
On 17 March 2007, 4,000 to 15,000 people (estimates vary significantly) protested the Iraq War[65] by marching from the Lincoln Memorial to the Pentagon's north parking lot.[66]
September 11 attacks
[edit]On September 11, 2001, coincidentally the 60th anniversary of the Pentagon’s start of construction, five al-Qaeda affiliated hijackers took control of American Airlines Flight 77, en route from Washington Dulles International Airport to Los Angeles International Airport, and deliberately crashed the Boeing 757 airliner into the western side of the Pentagon at 9:37 am EDT as part of the September 11 attacks. The impact of the plane severely damaged the outer ring of one wing of the building and caused its partial collapse.[67] At the time of the attacks, the Pentagon was under renovation and many offices were unoccupied, resulting in fewer casualties. Due to the renovation work, only 800 people were there, as opposed to the usual 4,500.[68] Furthermore, the area hit, on the side of the Heliport façade,[69] was the section best prepared for such an attack. The renovation there, improvements which resulted from the Oklahoma City bombing, had nearly been completed.[68][70]
It was the only area of the Pentagon with a sprinkler system, and it had been reconstructed with a web of steel columns and bars to withstand bomb blasts. The steel reinforcement, bolted together to form a continuous structure through all of the Pentagon's five floors, kept that section of the building from collapsing for 30 minutes—enough time for hundreds of people to crawl out to safety. The area struck by the plane also had blast-resistant windows—2 inches (5 cm) thick and 2,500 pounds (1,100 kg) each—that stayed intact during the crash and fire. It had fire doors that opened automatically and newly built exits that allowed people to get out.[70]
Contractors already involved with the renovation were given the added task of rebuilding the sections damaged in the attacks. This additional project was named the "Phoenix Project" and was charged with having the outermost offices of the damaged section occupied by 11 September 2002.[72][73][74]
When the damaged section of the Pentagon was repaired, a small indoor memorial and chapel were added at the point of impact. For the fifth anniversary of the September 11 attacks, a memorial of 184 beams of light shone up from the center courtyard of the Pentagon, one light for each victim of the attack. In addition, an American flag is hung each year on the side of the Pentagon damaged in the attacks, and the side of the building is illuminated at night with blue lights. After the attacks, plans were developed for an outdoor memorial, with construction underway in 2006. This Pentagon Memorial consists of a park on 2 acres (8,100 m2) of land, containing 184 benches, one dedicated to each victim. The benches are aligned along the line of Flight 77 according to the victims' ages, from 3 to 71. The park opened to the public on 11 September 2008.[75][76][77]
Gallery
[edit]-
View of the Pentagon from the northwest during the building's construction in July 1942
-
A view of the Pentagon from the southwest with the Potomac River and Washington Monument in background in 1988
-
Aftermath at the Pentagon from the September 11 attacks
-
A September 11 anniversary illumination at the Pentagon in 2007
-
The Pentagon 9/11 Memorial, a tribute to the lives lost in the Flight 77's collision with the Pentagon in the September 11 attacks, which killed 125 people in the Pentagon and all 64 on board Flight 77
-
An aerial closeup of the Pentagon in May 2021
See also
[edit]- List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
- List of United States military bases
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Arlington County, Virginia
- Pentagon Force Protection Agency
Notes
[edit]- ^ The Congressional Medal of Honor Society is so designated because that was the name it was given in an act of Congress that was signed into law by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower on 5 August 1958 as Title 36, Chapter 33 of the U.S. Code.[46] The law authorizing the society has since been transferred to Title 36, Chapter 405 of the U.S. Code.[47]
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b c d Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 30 November 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
- ^ a b "Facts: Navigating The Pentagon". pentagontours.osd.mil. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
- ^ "Pentagon Office Building Complex". United States Department of the Interior - National Park Service. 27 July 1989.
- ^ "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
- ^ Vogel (2007), p. [page needed].
- ^ Hancock, Michaila (27 August 2015). "Pentagon: the world's largest office building - in infographics". The Architects' Journal. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- ^ a b c "The Pentagon, Facts & Figures". Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
- ^ Stone, Andrea (20 August 2002). "Military's aid and comfort ease 9/11 survivors' burden". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on 11 March 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
- ^ "Bladensburg". American Battlefield Trust. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
- ^ a b Goldberg (1992), p. 57.
- ^ "How to Find a Room in the Pentagon". Headquarters, Dept. of the Army. Archived from the original on 21 September 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
- ^ "9 Things You May Not Know About the Pentagon". History.com. 24 September 2019. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
- ^ a b Roulo, Claudette (3 January 2019). "10 Things You Probably Didn't Know About the Pentagon". Defense.gov. Archived from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
- ^ "Man shoots 2 officers outside Pentagon". CNN. 5 March 2010. Archived from the original on 8 April 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ "Mixing Bowl Interchange Complex". roadstothefuture.com. Archived from the original on 31 August 2000. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
- ^ "Facts & Figures: Zip Codes". Archived from the original on 19 August 2014.
- ^ Goldberg (1992), pp. 6–9.
- ^ "Intro – Secretaries of War and Secretaries of the Army". United States Army Center of Military History. 1992. Archived from the original on 28 December 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2008.
- ^ "Main Navy & Munitions Buildings". Naval History & Heritage Command. Archived from the original on 5 October 2001. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
- ^ Vogel (2007), pp. 29–33.
- ^ Vogel (2007), pp. 35–37.
- ^ F.W. Cron (25 October 1960). "History of the Pentagon Network". U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads. Via Kozel, Scott M. (14 August 1997). "Pentagon Road System". Roads to the Future. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2006.
- ^ "General Information". Archived from the original on 29 November 2005. Retrieved 4 December 2005.
- ^ Vogel, Steve (27 May 2007a). "How the Pentagon Got Its Shape". The Washington Post. p. W16. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
- ^ Goldberg (1992), p. 22.
- ^ a b Goldberg (1992), p. 33.
- ^ Goldberg (1992), p. 29.
- ^ a b Goldberg (1992), p. 34.
- ^ Vogel (2007), p. 131.
- ^ Goldberg (1992), pp. 35, 44.
- ^ "Rare, Unseen: Building the Pentagon". Life. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011.
- ^ McGrath, Amanda (26 May 2007). "How The Pentagon Got Its Shape (Gallery)". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
- ^ Goldberg (1992), pp. 52–53.
- ^ Owens, Jim (February 2005). "Replacing the stone and rebuilding the Pentagon". Mining Engineering. 57 (2): 21–26.
- ^ Goldberg (1992), pp. 39–42.
- ^ Goldberg (1992), p. 36.
- ^ "Construction to Completion". The Pentagon Tours. United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ^ Goldberg (1992), pp. 47, 52.
- ^ "The Pentagon". dcmilitary.com. 19 February 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
Three shifts worked 24 hours a day, every day, building the Pentagon, wedge by wedge.
- ^ "Five-By-Five: The Making of the Pentagon" (PDF). PDH Center. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
One section was completed on April 30, 1942 [sic] and the first tenants moved in.
- ^ Lange, Katie (21 December 2019). "Pentagon history: Seven big things to know". Aerotech News. Archived from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
The first tenants moved into the building in April 1942, several months before the building was finished.
- ^ Weyeneth, Robert R. (2005). The Architecture of Racial Segregation: The Challenges of Preserving the Problematical Past. pp. 28–30.
- ^ a b Carroll, James (2007). House of War: The Pentagon and the Disastrous Rise of American Power. Mariner Books. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-618-18780-5.
- ^ Witcher, T. R. (September 2021). "Building for the American Age: The Pentagon". Civil Engineering. 91: 26. Retrieved 12/4/24.
{{cite journal}}
: Check date values in:|access-date=
(help) - ^ Maffre, John (15 May 1968). "The President Looks to Peace 'For Which These Men...Have Fought...'". The Washington Post. p. 1.
- ^ "The Congressional Medal of Honor Society's History". Official Site. Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2006.
- ^ "Title 36 U.S. Code Chapter 405 - Congressional Medal of Honor Society of The United States Of America". Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018.
- ^ Department of the Army (1 July 2002). "Section 578.4 Medal of Honor". Code of Federal Regulations. Government Printing Office. Title 32, Volume 2. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
- ^ "1348. 33, P. 31, 8. c. (1) (a)". DoD Award Manual. 23 November 2010.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C.; Arnold, James; Wiener, Roberta (2011). The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 879. ISBN 978-1-85109-697-8. Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
- ^ a b Welcome to the Headquarters Department of Defense: Self Guided Tour Brochure – Pentagon Tours Program. Archived from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
- ^ Baker, Henderson. "Inside the Pentagon Post 9/11". Scholastic News Online. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
- ^ Hirschfelder, Paulette (2012). The Extraordinary Book of Native American Lists. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 220.
- ^ Roth, S. (23 June 2000). "Pentagon's Hall of Heroes Welcomes Asian-American Veterans". Gannett News Service. ProQuest 450409792. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^ "Pentagon's Gulf War Spokesman Retires". St. Petersburg Times. 30 March 1991. ProQuest 262802874. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
- ^ Omicinski, J. (1 December 1999). "Comanche Code-Talkers Honored for WWII Service". Gannett News Service. ProQuest 450284607. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
- ^ "Readiness Award". The Charleston Gazette. 26 February 2004. ProQuest 331326463. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
- ^ Vogel, Steve (22 June 2011). "New Pentagon Is A Paragon". The Washington Post. p. 1.
- ^ "Renovation of the Pentagon". Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
- ^ White, Jean M. (16 February 1967). "2500 Women Storm Pentagon Over War". The Washington Post.
- ^ Auerbach, Stuart (13 May 1967). "Pentagon Protesters Jailed". The Washington Post.
- ^ Montgomery, David (18 March 2007). "Flowers, Guns and an Iconic Snapshot". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
- ^ Alexander, David (2008). The Building: A Biography of the Pentagon. Voyageur Press. p. 192. ISBN 9780760320877.
- ^ Jacobs, Ron (1997). The Way the Wind Blew. Verso. p. 142. ISBN 1-85984-167-8.
- ^ "8 Years After Start of War, Anger Reigns". The Washington Post. 17 March 2007. p. A1.
- ^ "Activists march to Pentagon on Iraq War's four-year anniversary". The GW Hatchet. 22 March 2007. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
- ^ Isikoff, Michael; Klaidman, Daniel (10 June 2002). "The Hijackers We Let Escape". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
- ^ a b Schrader, Esther (16 September 2001). "Pentagon, a Vulnerable Building, Was Hit in Least Vulnerable Spot". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
- ^ "The Pentagon" (PDF). BuildingsOne. October 2015. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
- ^ a b "Where The Pentagon Was Hit". LA Times. Archived from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
- ^ "Flight 77, Video 2". Judicial Watch. Archived from the original on 16 November 2006.
- ^ "Pentagon Renovation Program". Archived from the original on 8 May 2006. Retrieved 4 December 2005.
- ^ Childs, Nick (15 August 2002). "Americas: Pentagon staff reclaim destroyed offices". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 February 2006. Retrieved 4 December 2005.
- ^ "Pentagon History – September 11, 2001". Pentagon.osd.mil. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
- ^ "Pentagon Memorial". Archived from the original on 9 January 2009.
- ^ "Contractor Selected for the Pentagon Memorial" (Press release). United States Department of Defense. 6 August 2003. 576-03. Archived from the original on 11 May 2006.
- ^ Wilgoren, Debbie; Miroff, Nick; Shulman, Robin (11 September 2008). "Pentagon Memorial Dedicated on 7th Anniversary of Attacks". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2008.
Sources
[edit]- Goldberg, Alfred (1992). The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years. Office of the Secretary of Defense / Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-16-037979-2.
- Vogel, Steve (2007). The Pentagon – A History: The Untold Story of the Wartime Race to Build the Pentagon and to Restore it Sixty Years Later. Random House. ISBN 978-0-8129-7325-9.
External links
[edit]- The Pentagon website (archived version)
- Popular Mechanics, March 1943, "Army's Giant Five-by-Five" one of earliest World War II articles on the Pentagon
- Pentagon Force Protection Agency
- How the Pentagon Got Its Shape – The Washington Post, 26 May 2007
- U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: The Pentagon
- The Pentagon
- Military installations in Virginia
- Military headquarters in the United States
- Buildings and structures in Arlington County, Virginia
- Government buildings completed in 1943
- Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
- National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
- National Register of Historic Places in Arlington County, Virginia
- American Airlines Flight 77
- 1943 establishments in Virginia
- Joint military headquarters