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Robert Adam

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For other people named Robert Adam, see Robert Adam (disambiguation).

Robert Adam
FRSE FRS FSAScot FSA FRSA
Portrait of Robert Adam
Portrait attributed to George Willison, c. 1770–1775
Born(1728-07-03)3 July 1728
Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland[1]
Died3 March 1792(1792-03-03) (aged 63)
London, England
Burial placeWestminster Abbey
NationalityBritish
Alma materUniversity of Edinburgh
StyleNeoclassical
FatherWilliam Adam
Relatives
OccupationArchitect
PracticeAdam Brothers (Edinburgh, London)
BuildingsSyon House
Culzean Castle
Kedleston Hall
Pulteney Bridge
Harewood House
Charlotte Square
Robert Adam by James Tassie (medallion)

Robert Adam FRSE FRS FSAScot FSA FRSA (3 July 1728 – 3 March 1792) was a British neoclassical architect, interior designer and furniture designer. He was the son of William Adam (1689–1748), Scotland's foremost architect of the time, and trained under him. With his older brother John, Robert took on the family business, which included lucrative work for the Board of Ordnance, after William's death.

In 1754, he left for Rome, spending nearly five years on the continent studying architecture under Charles-Louis Clérisseau and Giovanni Battista Piranesi. On his return to Britain he established a practice in London, where he was joined by his younger brother James. Here he developed the "Adam Style", and his theory of "movement" in architecture, based on his studies of antiquity and became one of the most successful and fashionable architects in the country. Adam held the post of Architect of the King's Works from 1761 to 1769.

Robert Adam was a leader of the first phase of the classical revival in England and Scotland from around 1760 until his death.[2] He influenced the development of Western architecture, both in Europe and in North America. Adam designed interiors and fittings as well as houses.[3] Much of his work consisted of remodelling existing houses, as well as contributions to Edinburgh's townscape and designing romantic pseudo-mediaeval country houses in Scotland.[4]

He served as the member of Parliament for Kinross-shire from 1768 to 1774.[5]

Biography

[edit]

Early life

[edit]
Royal High School (1578–1777) on site of Blackfriars Monastery, Edinburgh.

Adam was born on 3 July 1728 at Gladney House in Kirkcaldy, Fife, the second son of Mary Robertson (1699–1761), the daughter of William Robertson of Gladney, and architect William Adam.[1][6] As a child he was noted as having a "feeble constitution".[7] From 1734 at the age of six Adam attended the Royal High School, Edinburgh[8] where he learned Latin (from the second year lessons were conducted in Latin)[9] until he was 15, he was taught to read works by Virgil, Horace, Sallust and parts of Cicero and in his final year Livy.[9]

In autumn 1743, he matriculated at the University of Edinburgh,[10] and compulsory classes for all students were: the Greek language, logic, metaphysics and natural philosophy.[10] Students could choose three elective subjects, Adam attended classes in mathematics, taught by Colin Maclaurin, and anatomy, taught by Alexander Monro primus.[11] His studies were interrupted by the arrival of Bonnie Prince Charlie and his Highlanders, who occupied Edinburgh during the Jacobite rising of 1745. At the end of the year, Robert fell seriously ill for some months, and it seems unlikely that he returned to university, having completed only two years of study.[12]

On his recovery from illness in 1746, he joined his elder brother John as apprentice to his father. He assisted William Adam on projects such as the building of Inveraray Castle and the continuing extensions of Hopetoun House. William's position as Master Mason to the Board of Ordnance also began to generate much work, as the Highlands were fortified following the failed Jacobite revolt. Robert's early ambition was to be an artist rather than architect, and the style of his early sketches in the manner of Salvator Rosa are reflected in his earliest surviving architectural drawings, which show picturesque gothic follies.[13] William Adam died in June 1748, and left Dowhill, a part of the Blair Adam estate which included Dowhill Castle, to Robert. From his father, Robert inherited an extensive library and extended it.[14]

Architectural practice in Edinburgh

[edit]
Entrance front of Hopetoun House, designed by William Adam and modified by the Adam Brothers

On William Adam's death, John Adam inherited both the family business and the position of Master Mason to the Board of Ordnance. He immediately took Robert into partnership, later to be joined by James Adam. The Adam Brothers' first major commission was the decoration of the grand state apartments on the first floor at Hopetoun House, followed by their first "new build" at Dumfries House. For the Board of Ordnance, the brothers were the main contractor at Fort George, a large modern fort near Inverness designed by military engineer Colonel William Skinner. Visits to this project, begun in 1750, would occupy the brothers every summer for the next 10 years, and, along with works at many other barracks and forts, provided Robert with a solid foundation in practical building.[15]

In the winter of 1749–1750, Adam travelled to London with his friend, the poet John Home. He took the opportunity for architectural study, visiting Wilton, designed by Inigo Jones, and the Queens Hermitage in Richmond by Roger Morris. His sketchbook of the trip also shows a continuing interest in Gothic architecture.[16]

Among his friends at Edinburgh were the philosophers Adam Ferguson and David Hume and the artist Paul Sandby whom he met in the Highlands. Other Edinburgh acquaintances included Gilbert Elliot, William Wilkie, John Home and Alexander Wedderburn.[13]

Grand Tour

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Plan of the Diocletian palace in Split, Croatia. R. Adam 1764
Peristyle of Diocletian's Palace in Split, Croatia. R. Adam 1764

On 3 October 1754, Robert Adam in the company of his brother James (who went as far as Brussels) set off from Edinburgh for his Grand Tour, stopping for a few days in London, where they visited the Mansion House, London, St Stephen Walbrook,[17] St Paul's Cathedral, Windsor, Berkshire, in the company of Thomas Sandby who showed them his landscaping at Windsor Great Park and Virginia Water Lake.[18] They sailed from Dover arriving in Calais[19] on 28 October 1754.[20] He joined Charles Hope-Weir, brother of the Earl of Hopetoun in Brussels[21] and together they travelled to Rome.[22] Hope agreed to take Adam on the tour at the suggestion of his uncle, the Marquess of Annandale, who had undertaken the Grand Tour himself. While in Brussels the pair attended a Play and Masquerade, as well as visiting churches and palaces in the city.[23] Travelling on to Tournai, then Lille, where they visited the citadel designed by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban.[24] By 12 November 1754 Adam and Hope were in Paris where they took lodgings in Hotel de Notre Dame.[25]

Adam and Hope travelled on to Italy together, before falling out in Rome over travelling expenses and accommodation. Robert Adam stayed on in Rome until 1757, studying classical architecture and honing his drawing skills. His tutors included the French architect and artist Charles-Louis Clérisseau, and the Italian artist Giovanni Battista Piranesi. Here, he became acquainted with the work of the pioneering classical archaeologist and art historian, theorist Johann Joachim Winckelmann. On his return journey, Adam and Clerisseau spent time intensively studying the ruins of Diocletian's Palace at Spalatro in Dalmatia (now known as Split, in modern Croatia).[26] These studies were later published as Ruins of the Palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia in 1764.

Architectural practice in London

[edit]
Admiralty Screen 1759–61, Whitehall, London, one of Adam's first executed buildings after his grand tour
Kedleston Hall in Derbyshire. The south front by Robert Adam, based on the Arch of Constantine in Rome

He returned to Britain in 1758 and set up in business in London with his brother James Adam. They focused on designing complete schemes for the decoration and furnishing of houses. Palladian design was popular, and Robert designed a number of country houses in this style,[27] but he evolved a new, more flexible style incorporating elements of classical Roman design alongside influences from Greek, Byzantine and Baroque styles.[28] The Adam brothers' success can also be attributed to a desire to design everything down to the smallest detail, ensuring a sense of unity in their design. In Adam interiors, all the furnishings were custom designed to accord with the decoration of the room in a unified harmony. Often the carpets were woven to match the intricate patterns of the ceiling above, while every fitting including sconces, mirrors, and doorknobs also received a custom design emulating the motifs of the room.[29][30]

Adam Buildings Act 1772
Act of Parliament
Parliament of Great Britain
Long titleAn Act for enabling John, Robert, James, and William Adam, to dispose of several Houses and Buildings, in the Parish of Saint Martin in the Fields, and Saint Mary le Bone, in the County of Middlesex, and other their Effects, by Way of Chance, in such Manner as may be most for the Benefit of themselves and Creditors.
Citation13 Geo. 3. c. 75
Dates
Royal assent1 July 1773

The Adam practice was not without mishap, however. In 1768 the brothers purchased a 99-year lease for a marshy plot of land beside the Thames in Westminster, where they built a 24-house terrace development known as the Adelphi.[29] The project was very ambitious and is the first instance where terraced houses were designed individually to give unified harmony to the whole development (previously terraced houses were built to one replicated design, side-by-side around a square).[29] However, the project became a white elephant for Robert and his brothers, with uncertain financing and costs spiralling out of control. The houses were built on a huge artificial terrace resting on vaulted substructures on the level of the Thames, which Robert Adam was certain could be leased to the British government as warehouses. However, this intention failed to materialize; the Adam brothers were left with huge debts and, in 1772, had to lay off 3,000 workmen and cease building. Robert Adam himself moved into one of the houses in the Adelphi, along with supportive friends like David Garrick and Josiah Wedgwood, who opened a showroom for his ceramics in one of the houses. In 1774, a public lottery authorised under the Adam Buildings Act 1772 (13 Geo. 3. c. 75) was held to raise funds for the brothers, which allowed them to avert bankruptcy.[29]

Public life

[edit]
One of Adam's masterpieces: Pulteney Bridge, Bath

Adam was elected a fellow of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce in 1758 and of the Society of Antiquaries in 1761, the same year he was appointed Architect of the King's Works (jointly with Sir William Chambers). His younger brother James succeeded him in this post when he relinquished the role in 1768 to devote more time to his elected office as member of Parliament for Kinross-shire.

Architectural style

[edit]

Adam rejected the Palladian style, as introduced to England by Inigo Jones, and advocated by Lord Burlington, as "ponderous" and "disgustful".[31] However, he continued their tradition of drawing inspiration directly from classical antiquity, during his four-year stay in Europe.[31] Adam developed a new style of architectural decoration, one which was more archaeologically accurate than past neoclassical styles, but nonetheless innovative and not bound only by ancient precedents. In Works in Architecture, co-authored by Robert and James, the brothers stated that Graeco-Roman examples should "serve as models which we should imitate, and as standards by which we ought to judge."[29] The discoveries being made in Herculaneum and Pompeii at the time provided ample material for Robert Adam to draw on for inspiration.[29]

The Adam brothers' principle of "movement" was largely Robert's conception, although the theory was first written down by James. "Movement" relied on dramatic contrasts and diversity of form, and drew on the picturesque aesthetic. The first volume of the Adam brothers' Works (1773) cited Kedleston Hall, designed by Robert in 1761, as an outstanding example of movement in architecture.

By contrasting room sizes and decorative schemes, Adam applied the concept of movement to his interiors also. His style of decoration, described by Pevsner as "Classical Rococo", drew on Roman "grotesque" stucco decoration.[31][32]

Influence

[edit]
Adam designed bookcase 1776, probably built by Thomas Chippendale

Adam's work had influenced the direction of architecture and design across the western world. In England his collaboration with Thomas Chippendale resulted in some of the finest neoclassicist designs of the time, most notably in the Harewood House collection of Chippendale's work. In North America, the Federal style owes much to neoclassicism as practised by Adam. In Europe, Adam notably influenced Charles Cameron, the Scotsman who designed apartments in the Catherine Palace, Tsarskoye Selo and other Russian palaces for Catherine the Great.[33] However, by the time of his death, Adam's neoclassicism was being superseded in Britain by a more severe, Greek phase of the classical revival, as practised by James "Athenian" Stuart. The Adam brothers employed several draughtsmen who would go on to establish themselves as architects, including George Richardson, and the Italian Joseph Bonomi, who Robert originally hired in Rome.

Written works

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During their lifetime Robert and James Adam published two volumes of their designs, Works in Architecture of Robert and James Adam (in 1773–1778 and 1779; a third volume was published posthumously, in 1822).

Death and burial

[edit]

Adam had long suffered from stomach and bowel problems,[34] probably caused by a peptic ulcer and irritable bowel syndrome. While at home – 11 Albemarle Street, London – on 1 March 1792, one of the ulcers burst, and on 3 March Adam died.[34]

The funeral was held on 10 March; he was buried in the south aisle of Westminster Abbey.[34] The pall-bearers were several of his clients: Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch; George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry; James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale; David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield; Lord Frederick Campbell and Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet.[34]

Knowing he was dying, he drafted his will on 2 March 1792. Having never married, Adam left his estate to his sisters Elizabeth Adam and Margaret Adam.[34]

His obituary appeared in the March 1792 edition of The Gentleman's Magazine:[35]

It is somewhat remarkable that the Arts should be deprived at the same time of two of their greatest ornaments, Sir Joshua Reynolds and Mr Adam: and it is difficult to say which of them excelled most in his particular profession... Mr Adam produced a total change in the architecture of this country: and his fertile genius in elegant ornament was not confined to the decoration of buildings, but has been diffused to every branch of manufacture. His talents extend beyond the lie of his own profession: he displayed in his numerous drawings in landscape a luxuriance of composition, and an effect of light and shadow, which have scarcely been equalled...to the last period of his life, Mr Adam displayed an increasing vigour of genius and refinement of taste: for in the space of one year preceding his death, he designed eight great public works, besides twenty five private buildings, so various in their style, and so beautiful in their composition, that they have been allowed by the best judges, sufficient of themselves, to establish his fame unrivalled as an artist.

He left nearly 9,000 drawings, 8,856 of which (by both Robert and James Adam) were subsequently purchased in 1833 for £200 by the architect John Soane and are now at the Soane Museum in London.[36]

List of architectural works

[edit]

Works include:[37]

Public buildings

[edit]
  • City Chambers, Edinburgh
    City Chambers, Edinburgh
  • Register House, Edinburgh
    Register House, Edinburgh
  • Register House, cross section, Edinburgh
    Register House, cross section, Edinburgh
  • Register House, Edinburgh
    Register House, Edinburgh
  • Old College Edinburgh, Dome added later
    Old College Edinburgh, Dome added later
  • Market Cross, Bury St Edmunds
    Market Cross, Bury St Edmunds
  • Theatre Royal Drury Lane, London, rebuilt
    Theatre Royal Drury Lane, London, rebuilt
  • Edinburgh Bridewell in foreground, demolished
    Edinburgh Bridewell in foreground, demolished
  • Pulteney Bridge, Bath
    Pulteney Bridge, Bath
  • Little Market Hall, High Wycombe
    Little Market Hall, High Wycombe
  • McLennan Arch, Glasgow, built from the remains of Glasgow Assembly Rooms
    McLennan Arch, Glasgow, built from the remains of Glasgow Assembly Rooms
  • Kedleston Hotel, Quarndon
    Kedleston Hotel, Quarndon
  • Coutts Bank, John Adam Street, demolished and replaced with this building
    Coutts Bank, John Adam Street, demolished and replaced with this building
  • Register House Edinburgh, interior of the dome
    Register House Edinburgh, interior of the dome

Churches

[edit]
  • Mistley Church as built
    Mistley Church as built
  • Mistley Church as it survives
    Mistley Church as it survives
  • St. Andrew's Church Gunton
    St. Andrew's Church Gunton
  • Yester Chapel, west front
    Yester Chapel, west front

Mausoleums

[edit]
  • David Hume Mausoleum
    David Hume Mausoleum
  • Templetown Mausoleum
    Templetown Mausoleum
  • Johnstone Family Mausoleum, Bentpath
    Johnstone Family Mausoleum, Bentpath

Urban domestic work

[edit]
  • North side, Charlotte Square, Edinburgh
    North side, Charlotte Square, Edinburgh
  • Centre of North side, Charlotte Square, Edinburgh
    Centre of North side, Charlotte Square, Edinburgh
  • Chandos House London
    Chandos House London
  • Music Room, Home House, London
    Music Room, Home House, London
  • Drawing Room, Home House, London
    Drawing Room, Home House, London
  • Design for the Etruscan Room, Home House, London
    Design for the Etruscan Room, Home House, London
  • Detail of the Etruscan Room, Home House, London
    Detail of the Etruscan Room, Home House, London
  • Staircase, Home House, London
    Staircase, Home House, London
  • Staircase Dome, Home House, London
    Staircase Dome, Home House, London
  • South side, Fitzroy Square, London
    South side, Fitzroy Square, London
  • East side, Fitzroy Square, London
    East side, Fitzroy Square, London
  • Surviving Adam Houses, Portland Place, London
    Surviving Adam Houses, Portland Place, London
  • The Adelphi, London, largely demolished
    The Adelphi, London, largely demolished
  • Robert Adam ceiling from the Adelphi, now in the V&A
    Robert Adam ceiling from the Adelphi, now in the V&A
  • Model of the Glass Drawing Room Northumberland House, in the V&A
    Model of the Glass Drawing Room Northumberland House, in the V&A
  • Panels from the Glass Drawing Room Northumberland House, in the V&A
    Panels from the Glass Drawing Room Northumberland House, in the V&A
  • Design for fireplaces in the withdrawing room and the Countess of Derby's dressing room, Derby House
    Design for fireplaces in the withdrawing room and the Countess of Derby's dressing room, Derby House
  • Drawing Room, Derby House
    Drawing Room, Derby House
  • Drawing Room, Derby House
    Drawing Room, Derby House
  • Plan, Derby House
    Plan, Derby House
  • Ceiling, Countess of Derby's Dressing Room, Derby House
    Ceiling, Countess of Derby's Dressing Room, Derby House
  • Details for Derby House in Grosvenor Square, an example of the Adam Brothers' decorative designs
    Details for Derby House in Grosvenor Square, an example of the Adam Brothers' decorative designs
  • 20 St. James's Square, London, front facade
    20 St. James's Square, London, front facade
  • 20 St. James's Square, London, rear facade
    20 St. James's Square, London, rear facade
  • Dining Room ceiling, 20 St. James's Square, London
    Dining Room ceiling, 20 St. James's Square, London
  • Music Room ceiling, 20 St. James's Square, London
    Music Room ceiling, 20 St. James's Square, London
  • Drawing Room ceiling, 20 St. James's Square, London
    Drawing Room ceiling, 20 St. James's Square, London
  • Fireplace, Round room, Strawberry Hill House, Middlesex
    Fireplace, Round room, Strawberry Hill House, Middlesex
  • 1-3 Robert Street
    1-3 Robert Street
  • Lansdowne House Drawing Room, now in Philadelphia Art Museum
    Lansdowne House Drawing Room, now in Philadelphia Art Museum
  • Lansdown House dining room, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
    Lansdown House dining room, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Country houses with major work

[edit]
  • Paxton House, Berwickshire
    Paxton House, Berwickshire
  • South front, Kedleston Hall
    South front, Kedleston Hall
  • Cross section, Kedleston Hall
    Cross section, Kedleston Hall
  • Kedleston Hall, Marble Hall
    Kedleston Hall, Marble Hall
  • South front, Stowe House, slightly modified in execution
    South front, Stowe House, slightly modified in execution
  • Cross section of Hall, Syon House, London
    Cross section of Hall, Syon House, London
  • Plan, Syon House, London
    Plan, Syon House, London
  • Apse, Entrance Hall, Syon House
    Apse, Entrance Hall, Syon House
  • The Dining Room, Syon House
    The Dining Room, Syon House
  • The Ante-Room, Syon House
    The Ante-Room, Syon House
  • The ceiling, Ante-Room, Syon House
    The ceiling, Ante-Room, Syon House
  • Long Gallery, Syon House
    Long Gallery, Syon House
  • Closet off Long Gallery, Syon House
    Closet off Long Gallery, Syon House
  • Kenwood House, London
    Kenwood House, London
  • Entrance portico, Kenwood House, London
    Entrance portico, Kenwood House, London
  • Kenwood House, Library
    Kenwood House, Library
  • Cross section of the library, Kenwood House, London
    Cross section of the library, Kenwood House, London
  • The library ceiling, Kenwood House, London
    The library ceiling, Kenwood House, London
  • Nostell Priory, Yorkshire, Adam wing on right
    Nostell Priory, Yorkshire, Adam wing on right
  • Culzean Castle, Ayrshire
    Culzean Castle, Ayrshire
  • Culzean Castle, Ayrshire
    Culzean Castle, Ayrshire
  • Pitfour Castle, Tayside
    Pitfour Castle, Tayside
  • The Saloon, Saltram House
    The Saloon, Saltram House
  • Bowood House, Adam's Diocletian wing on left, the main block demolished in 1950s
    Bowood House, Adam's Diocletian wing on left, the main block demolished in 1950s
  • Bowood House, Diocletian wing
    Bowood House, Diocletian wing
  • Wedderburn Castle, Berwickshire
    Wedderburn Castle, Berwickshire
  • The Entrance Hall Ceiling, Harewood House
    The Entrance Hall Ceiling, Harewood House
  • Harewood House, Yorkshire, altered by Sir Charles Barry
    Harewood House, Yorkshire, altered by Sir Charles Barry
  • Harewood House, State Bedroom
    Harewood House, State Bedroom
  • The Ceiling, State Bedroom, Harewood House
    The Ceiling, State Bedroom, Harewood House
  • Harewood House, Old Library
    Harewood House, Old Library
  • Harewood House, Music Room Ceiling
    Harewood House, Music Room Ceiling
  • The Music Room, Harewood House
    The Music Room, Harewood House
  • Gallery ceiling, Harewood House
    Gallery ceiling, Harewood House
  • The Gallery, Harewood House
    The Gallery, Harewood House
  • Gallery fireplace, Harewood House
    Gallery fireplace, Harewood House
  • Newliston House
    Newliston House
  • Dalquarran Castle, Ayrshire
    Dalquarran Castle, Ayrshire
  • Luton Hoo House, Bedfordshire, altered by Sir Robert Smirke and again in the late 19th century
    Luton Hoo House, Bedfordshire, altered by Sir Robert Smirke and again in the late 19th century
  • Mellerstain House, Berwickshire
    Mellerstain House, Berwickshire
  • Osterley Park, London
    Osterley Park, London
  • Main Staircase, Osterley Park, London
    Main Staircase, Osterley Park, London
  • Entrance Hall, Osterley Park, London
    Entrance Hall, Osterley Park, London
  • Osterley Park, Drawing Room Ceiling
    Osterley Park, Drawing Room Ceiling
  • Portico Ceiling, Osterley Park
    Portico Ceiling, Osterley Park

Garden buildings and follies

[edit]
  • Stables, Inveraray Castle, joint work with his brother John (1758–60)
  • North Lodge, Kedleston Hall (1759)
  • Circular and Octagon pavilion, La Trappe, Hammersmith (1760) for George Bubb Dodington (demolished)
  • Conservatory Croome Park (1760)
  • Rotunda Croome Park, attributed (1760)
  • Old Rectory, Kedleston Hall (c. 1761)
  • Entrance screen, Moor Park, Hertfordshire (1763)
  • The Conservatory, Osterley Park (1763)
  • Bridge, Audley End House, Essex (c. 1763–64)
  • Tea Pavilion, Moor Park, Hertfordshire (c. 1764)
  • Gatehouse Kimbolton Castle (c. 1764)
  • Bridge, Kedleston Hall (1764)
  • Estate Village Lowther, Cumbria (1766)
  • Dunstall 'Castle' and Garden Alcove, Croome Park (1766)
  • Entrance arch, Croome Court (1767)
  • Entrance Screen, Cullen House, Cullen, Moray (1767)
  • Bridge, Osterley Park (c. 1768)
  • Entrance screen, Syon House (1769)
  • Fishing, Boat & Bath House, Kedleston Hall (1770–71)
  • Circular Temple, Audley End House, Essex (1771)
  • Lion Bridge, Alnwick (1773)
  • Stag Lodge, Saltram House, Devon (c. 1773)
  • The Stables, Featherstone entrance & Huntwick arch Nostell Priory (1776)
  • Wyke Green Lodges, Osterley, Middlesex (1777); remodelled
  • the Home Farm, Culzean Castle, Ayrshire (1777–79)
  • Brizlee Tower, Alnwick, Gothic tower (1777–81)
  • Oswald's Temple, Auchincruive, Ayrshire (1778)
  • 'Ruined' arch and viaduct, Culzean Castle (1780)
  • The semi-circular conservatory, Osterley Park (1780)
  • Tea House Bridge, Audley End House, Essex (1782)
  • The Stables, Culzean Castle (c. 1785)
  • Stables, Castle Upton, Templepatrick, County Antrim, Ireland. (1788–89). Important range of office buildings in castle style.
  • Montagu Bridge, Dalkeith Palace, Lothian (1792)
  • Loftus Hall, Fethard-on-sea, County Wexford, Ireland. Date unknown. Proposed gates.
  • Lion Gate and Lodge, Syon Park, London. Date unknown.
  • Screen, Syon House, London
    Screen, Syon House, London
  • The Lion Gate, Syon Park, London
    The Lion Gate, Syon Park, London
  • Gatehouse, Kimbolton Castle
    Gatehouse, Kimbolton Castle
  • Entrance Arch, Croome Park, Worcestershire
    Entrance Arch, Croome Park, Worcestershire
  • Garden Alcove, Croome Court, Worcestershire
    Garden Alcove, Croome Court, Worcestershire
  • Rotunda, Croome Park, Worcestershire
    Rotunda, Croome Park, Worcestershire
  • Dunstall "Castle", Croome Court, Worcestershire
    Dunstall "Castle", Croome Court, Worcestershire
  • Brizlee Tower, Alnwick
    Brizlee Tower, Alnwick
  • The semi-circular conservatory, Osterley Park
    The semi-circular conservatory, Osterley Park
  • Featherstone entrance, Nostell Priory, Yorkshire
    Featherstone entrance, Nostell Priory, Yorkshire
  • Oswald's Temple, Auchincruive, Ayrshire
    Oswald's Temple, Auchincruive, Ayrshire
  • Kedleston Fishing, Bathing & Boat House
    Kedleston Fishing, Bathing & Boat House
  • Kedleston Bridge
    Kedleston Bridge
  • Former Home Farm, Culzean Castle
    Former Home Farm, Culzean Castle
  • Lowther Castle Model Village
    Lowther Castle Model Village
  • Montagu Bridge, Dalkeith Palace
    Montagu Bridge, Dalkeith Palace
  • The Lion Bridge, Alnwick
    The Lion Bridge, Alnwick
  • Tea House Bridge, Audley End
    Tea House Bridge, Audley End
  • Clock Tower, Stables, Castle Upton, County Meath
    Clock Tower, Stables, Castle Upton, County Meath
  • Stables, Culzean Castle, Ayrshire
    Stables, Culzean Castle, Ayrshire

Country houses with minor work

[edit]
  • Summerhill House, Main Front.
    Summerhill House, Main Front.
  • Compton Verney House, wings by Adam
    Compton Verney House, wings by Adam

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b James, Jude (2005). Kirkcaldy: A History & Celebration of the Town. Francis Frith Collection. p. 60. ISBN 1-84567-749-8.
  2. ^ Pevsner, p. 237
  3. ^ Adam silver (1953). Victoria & Albert Museum, London. Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO), p. 1.
  4. ^ Norwich, John Julius (1990). Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Arts. US: Oxford University Press. pp. 3. ISBN 978-0198691372.
  5. ^ Waterston, Charles D; Macmillan Shearer, A (July 2006). Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002: Biographical Index (PDF). Vol. I. Edinburgh: The Royal Society of Edinburgh. ISBN 978-0-902198-84-5. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  6. ^ "Adam, Robert (1728–1792), architect". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/105. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  7. ^ Fleming, p. 76
  8. ^ Graham, p. 2
  9. ^ a b Graham, p. 4
  10. ^ a b Graham, p. 26
  11. ^ Graham, p. 27
  12. ^ Fleming, pp. 79–80
  13. ^ a b Fleming, p. 81
  14. ^ "Robert Adam 1728–1792 – Book Owners Online". www.bookowners.online. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  15. ^ Fleming, pp. 85–86
  16. ^ Fleming, p. 85
  17. ^ Graham, p. 47
  18. ^ Graham, p. 48
  19. ^ Graham, p. 50
  20. ^ Graham, p. 52
  21. ^ Graham, p. 54
  22. ^ Graham, p. 49
  23. ^ Graham, p. 53
  24. ^ Graham, p. 53-54
  25. ^ Graham, p. 55
  26. ^ C.M. Hogan, "Diocletian's Palace", The Megalithic Portal, A. Burnham ed, 6 Oct 2007
  27. ^ Roth, p. 397
  28. ^ Roth, p. 402
  29. ^ a b c d e f Steven Parissien (1992). Adam Style. Phaidon. pp. 43–44.
  30. ^ David Irwin (1997). Neoclassicism. Phaidon. p. 101.
  31. ^ a b c Glendinning and McKechnie, p. 106
  32. ^ Pevsner, p. 238
  33. ^ Glendinning & McKechnie, p. 108
  34. ^ a b c d e Graham, Roderick (2009) Arbiter of Elegance: A Biography of Robert Adam, Birlinn, ISBN 978-1-84158-802-5, pp. 328–329
  35. ^ Graham, p. 330
  36. ^ page 11, The Adam Brothers in Rome: Drawings from the Grand Tour, A.A. Tait, 2008 Scala Publishers Ltd, ISBN 978-1-85759-574-1
  37. ^ David King, The Complete Works of Robert & James Adam, 1991, Butterworth
  38. ^ "1765 – Interior Designs, Langford House, Mary St., Dublin". Archiseek – Irish Architecture. 11 January 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  39. ^ Craig, W. S. (1976). History of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 73–74.
  40. ^ "Summerhill House, Co. Meath: unexecuted design for an extension to the house for the Rt Hon. Hercules Langford Rowley, 1765 (1)". collections.soane.org. Retrieved 30 June 2023.

Sources

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Further reading

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Parliament of Great Britain
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