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Park Chan-wook

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In this Korean name, the family name is Park.

Park Chan-wook
박찬욱
Park in 2013
Born (1963-08-23) 23 August 1963 (age 61)
Seoul, South Korea
Other namesBakridamae (박리다매)
Alma materSogang University, Seoul, South Korea
Occupation(s)Film director, screenwriter, producer
Years active1992–present
Notable work
Spouse
Kim Eun-hee
​
(m. 1990)​
Children1
Relatives
AwardsBest Director at the 2022 Cannes Film Festival
Honours Eun-gwan Order of Cultural Merit (2022)
Korean name
Hangul
박찬욱
Hanja
朴贊郁
Revised RomanizationBak Chanuk
McCune–ReischauerPak Ch'anuk

Park Chan-wook (Korean: 박찬욱; IPA: [pak̚ tɕʰanuk̚]; born 23 August 1963) is a South Korean film director, screenwriter, producer, and former film critic. He is considered one of the most prominent filmmakers of South Korean cinema as well as 21st-century world cinema.[1] His films, which often blend crime, mystery and thriller with other genres, have gained notoriety for their cinematography, framing, black humor and often brutal subject matters.[2][3]

After two unsuccessful films in the 1990s which he has since largely disowned, Park came to prominence with his acclaimed third directorial effort, Joint Security Area (2000), which became the highest-grossing film in South Korean history at the time and which Park himself prefers to be regarded as his directorial debut.[4][5] Using his newfound creative freedom, he would go on to direct the films forming his unofficial The Vengeance Trilogy: Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance (2002), a financial failure that polarized critics, followed by Oldboy (2003) and Lady Vengeance (2005), both of which received critical acclaim and were financially successful. Oldboy in particular is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made, and helped establish Park as a well-known director outside his native country.[a]

Most of Park's works following The Vengeance Trilogy were also commercial and critical successes both in South Korea and internationally, such as Thirst (2009), The Handmaiden (2016), which earned Park the BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language, and Decision to Leave (2022), which won the Best Director award at the 2022 Cannes Film Festival.[11] He directed the English-language miniseries The Little Drummer Girl (2018) and The Sympathizer (2024).

Early life

[edit]

Park Chan-wook was born 23 August 1963 in Seoul.[12] Both of his parents were native Seoul residents who have lived in Seoul for five generations. His father, Park Don-seo, was a professor of architecture and former dean of Ajou University's College of Engineering. Meanwhile, his grandfather, Park Seung-seo, was the former president of the Korean Bar Association.[13]

Park studied philosophy at Sogang University, where he joined the photography club and film club.[14] Originally intending to be an art critic, Park, upon seeing Vertigo, resolved to become a filmmaker.[15] After graduation, he wrote articles on film for journals and soon became an assistant director of films like Kkamdong, directed by Yu Yeong-jin, and Watercolor Painting in a Rainy Day, directed by Kwak Jae-yong (My Sassy Girl).[16]

Career

[edit]

Park's debut feature film was The Moon Is... the Sun's Dream (1992). After five years, he made his second film, Trio. Park's early films were not successful at the box office, and he pursued a career as a film critic to make a living.[17] In an interview in 2017, he said "Many people think my directorial debut film is JSA, but I want to keep it that way".[18]

In 2000, Park directed Joint Security Area, which was a great success both commercially and critically, even surpassing Kang Je-gyu's Shiri as the then most-watched film ever made in South Korea.[19] This success made it possible for Park to make his next film more independently. Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance is the result of this creative freedom.

Park's unofficially-titled Vengeance Trilogy consists of Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance (2002), Oldboy (2003) and Lady Vengeance (2005). It was not originally intended to be a trilogy. Park won the Grand Prix at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival for Oldboy. The films concern the utter futility of vengeance and how it wreaks havoc on the lives of those involved.[20] Lady Vengeance was distributed by Tartan Films for the United States theatrical release in April 2006.[21]

American director Quentin Tarantino is an avowed fan of Park. As the head judge at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival, he personally pushed for Park's Oldboy to be awarded the Palme d'Or (the honour eventually went to Michael Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11).[22] Oldboy garnered the Grand Prix, Cannes's second-highest honour. Tarantino also regards Park's Joint Security Area to be one of "the top twenty films made since 1992."[23]

Since 2004, Park has been an owner of the filmmaking company Moho Film, which participated in the production of Snowpiercer (2013) and The Handmaiden (2016).[24]

In 2006, Park was the member of official section jury at the 63rd Venice International Film Festival.

In February 2007, Park won the Alfred Bauer Prize at the 57th Berlin International Film Festival. The award, named after the festival's founder and in praise of works that introduce new perspectives, went to Park for his film, I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK.[25]

Park at the Festival Internacional de Cinema de Catalunya 2009

In 2009, Park directed the vampire film Thirst, starring Song Kang-ho, which won the Prix du Jury (alongside Fish Tank, directed by Andrea Arnold) at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival. He considered directing Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy but ultimately turned it down.[26]

In 2011, Park said his new fantasy-horror film Paranmanjang (Night Fishing) was shot entirely on the iPhone.[27] The film was co-directed with Park's younger brother, Park Chan-kyong, who had no prior directing experience. It was nominated for Berlinale Shorts during the 2011 Berlin Film Festival and won the Golden Bear for Best Short Film.

In 2013, Park directed his first English-language film, Stoker.[28] He said he learned to accelerate the production process and completed filming in 480 hours.[26] Although Park does speak English, he used an interpreter on set.[26] On why the script attracted his attention, Park said: "It wasn't a script that tried to explain everything and left many things as questions, so it leads the audience to find answers for themselves, and that's what I liked about the script... I like telling big stories through small, artificially created worlds".[29][26] On 2 March 2013, Park appeared on a panel discussion about the film Stoker held at the Freer Gallery of Art in the Smithsonian's Museums of Asian Art.[30]

In 2014, Park directed a short film commissioned by luxury brand Ermenegildo Zegna, co-written by himself, Ayako Fujitani, Chung Chung-hoon and Michael Werwie, scored by Clint Mansell, and starring Jack Huston and Daniel Wu. It screened at the Rome International Film Festival and the Busan International Film Festival.[31]

Park presenting The Handmaiden at the 2016 Lumière Film Festival

In September 2014, it was announced that Park would adapt Fingersmith, a historical crime novel by Sarah Waters.[32] The film entered production in mid-2015 and ended on 31 October 2015.[33] That film ended up becoming The Handmaiden and premiered in competition to rave reviews at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival, where Artistic Director Seong-hie Ryu won the Vulcain Prize for the Technical Arts, and the film was nominated for both the Palme d' Or and Queer Palm. At the 2016 Buil Film Awards, The Handmaiden won for Best New Actress (Tae-ri Kim), The Buil Readers' Jury Award and Best Art Direction (Seong-hie Ryu).[34] The film holds a 95% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, and saw box office success in several countries, including South Korea, the United States and the United Kingdom.[35][11]

In October 2014, it was announced that Park had signed on to direct the sci-fi body-swap film, Second Born.[36]

In January 2018, it was stated that Park would direct a TV miniseries adaptation of The Little Drummer Girl, a novel by John le Carré. It aired on BBC One in October of that year and stars Michael Shannon, Florence Pugh and Alexander Skarsgård.[37]

At the 24th Busan International Film Festival, Park said that he is writing scripts for feature films, for theater and for TV, including a new installment in the Vengeance Trilogy, and an adaption of Donald E. Westlake's novel The Ax.[38] Park had first discussed adapting the book in 2009, when he received approval from Costa-Gavras who owned the rights and directed a previous rendition of the novel.[39][40]

In May 2020, it was announced that he was working on his next film's screenplay, tentatively titled Heeojil gyeolsim (The Decision to Break Up). It is described as a melodrama and will star Tang Wei and Park Hae-il.[41][42] In October 2020, the title of the film was revealed as Decision to Leave, with the story described as a murder mystery romance. The film was set to begin shooting later that month.[43][44] In April 2021, A24 optioned Viet Thanh Nguyen's 2015 novel The Sympathizer for a TV adaptation, with Park Chan-wook directing.[45][46] He was awarded Best Director at the 2022 Cannes Film Festival for his work on Decision to Leave.[47][48]

In August 2024, Park began filming his adaption of The Ax, titled No Other Choice (어쩔수가없다).[49][50] Park wrote the screenplay with previous collaborators Lee Kyoung-mi, Don McKellar & Lee Ja-hye. The film would also see Park reunite with actors Lee Byung-hun and Cha Seung-won.[51]

Filmmaking

[edit]

Park Chan-wook's films have gained notoriety for their cinematography and framing, black humor and often brutal subject matter.[2][3]

In a May 2004 interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Park listed Sophocles, Shakespeare, Kafka, Dostoevsky, Balzac and Kurt Vonnegut as influences on his career.[15]

His list of 61 favorite films for LaCinetek includes multiple entries of works by Luchino Visconti, Abel Ferrara, Michelangelo Antonioni, Mikio Naruse and Alfred Hitchcock.[52] He has named Taxi Driver by Martin Scorsese as one of his favorite films, a "monument of film history".[53]

Park has a history of successful collaborations with various talented individuals in the film industry. Among these collaborations, the longest-standing partnership is with Editor Kim Sang-bum.[54] Their relationship dates back to when Park, then a college student, joined the directing department led by editor-in-chief Kim Sang-bum. It is worth noting that Editor Kim Sang-bum's late father, Editor Kim Hee-soo, was involved in Park Chan-wook's debut film, The Moon Is... the Sun's Dream as editor. Since the film Joint Security Area (1998), Editor Kim Sang-bum has edited all of Park Chan-wook's works, except for Stoker (2013), up until The Handmaiden.[55] For his editing work in Park's latest film Decision to Leave, Kim Sang-bum won José Salcedo Award for Best Editing in Valladolid International Film Festival.[56]

Park has also collaborated with music director Jo Yeong-wook since Joint Security Area (1998). The two have since worked on several other projects together, including Oldboy, Sympathy For Lady Vengeance, The Handmaiden, and Decision to Leave.[57][58]

Park has also worked closely with art director Ryu Seong-hie, who was filming Memories of Murder when Park asked her to work on Oldboy. She has since worked with Park on I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK, Thirst, The Handmaiden, and Decision to Leave.[55]

Another notable collaborator of Park's is cinematographer Chung Chung-hoon. The pair first met during the production of Old Boy. The two have since worked on several other projects together, including Sympathy For Lady Vengeance, I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK, Thirst, and The Handmaiden. Chung is known for his exceptional use of lighting and camera work, and his visual style has been a strong match for Park's atmospheric and visually stunning films.[59]

He has frequently collaborated with screenwriter Jeong Seo-kyeong on several projects, such as Sympathy For Lady Vengeance, I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK, Thirst, The Handmaiden, and Decision to Leave.[55][60][61][62]

Park has a talent for attracting top-tier acting talents. Some of Korea's most well-known stars, such as Choi Min-sik and Song Kang-ho, have been integral parts of his casting selection. Song Kang-ho, in particular, has appeared in six of Park's feature length films. Park Hae-il and Shin Ha-kyun have also worked with Park on multiple occasions, three and four, respectively. Their collaborations have been highly regarded by audiences and critics alike.

Recurring cast members in Park Chan-wook's works
Actor
Work
Choi Min-shik
Three... Extremes checkY checkY checkY
Day Trip checkY
Anarchists
Joint Security Area checkY checkY checkY checkY
The Humanist
Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance checkY checkY checkY
A Bizarre Love Triangle [ko] checkY
Oldboy checkY checkY checkY checkY checkY
Sympathy for Lady Vengeance checkY checkY checkY checkY checkY checkY checkY checkY
Boy Goes to Heaven checkY checkY checkY
I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK checkY
Crush and Blush checkY
Thirst checkY checkY checkY
Stoker
The Handmaiden checkY
The Truth Beneath
Decision to Leave checkY

Personal life

[edit]

Park was raised in a devout Catholic family in Korea, and describes himself as an atheist.[63][64] Park was raised in an environment that fostered culture and intellectual pursuits. His father, Park Don-seo, served as a professor of architecture and former dean of Ajou University's College of Engineering, while his grandfather, Park Seung-seo, held the esteemed position of former president of the Korean Bar Association. Additionally, Park's younger brother, Park Chan-kyong, is active as a multimedia artist.[14]

Park was introduced to his future wife, Kim Eun-hee, by a mutual friend when she was a student at Ewha Womans University.[13] At the 15th Marrakech International Film Festival, Park paid tribute to his wife Kim Eun-hee for her support throughout his career.[63] Park's daughter, Park Seo-woo, studied at the Korea National University of Arts, and worked as a member of the art team for The Handmaiden.[65]

He voiced support for the Democratic Labor Party and was also a member of its successor, the New Progressive Party. He supported Justice Party candidate Sim Sang-jung in the 2017 South Korean presidential election.[66]

Filmography

[edit]

Feature films

[edit]
Source: Korean Movie Database[67]
Year Title Credited as Notes Ref.
Director Writer Producer
1992 The Moon Is... the Sun's Dream Yes Yes No
1997 Trio Yes Yes No [68][69]
2000 Anarchists No Yes No
Joint Security Area Yes Yes No [70]
2001 The Humanist No Yes No
2002 Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance Yes Yes No [71]
A Bizarre Love Triangle [ko] No Yes No
2003 Oldboy Yes Yes No [72]
2005 Lady Vengeance Yes Yes No [73]
Boy Goes to Heaven No Yes No
2006 I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK Yes Yes Yes
2008 Crush and Blush No Yes Yes [74][75]
2009 Thirst Yes Yes Yes [76]
2013 Stoker Yes No No English-language debut [77]
Snowpiercer No No Yes
2014 Bitter, Sweet, Seoul Yes Yes Yes Documentary [78]
2016 The Handmaiden Yes Yes Yes [79]
The Truth Beneath No Yes No
2022 Decision to Leave Yes Yes Yes [80]
2024 Uprising No Yes Yes Netflix film [81]
TBA No Other Choice Yes Yes Yes
The Jailbreaker Yes Yes Yes [82]

Short films

[edit]
Year Title Segment Credited as Ref.
Director Writer Producer
1999 Judgment — Yes Yes Yes [83]
2003 If You Were Me Never Ending Peace And Love Yes Yes No [84][85]
2004 Three... Extremes Cut Yes Yes No
2011 Night Fishing — Yes[b] Yes Yes [86][87]
60 Seconds of Solitude in Year Zero Cut Yes Yes No [88]
2012 Day Trip — Yes[b] Yes No [89]
2013 V (music video for Lee Jung-hyun) — Yes[b] Yes No [90]
2014 A Rose Reborn (for Ermenegildo Zegna) — Yes Yes No [90]
2017 Decades Apart — Yes[b] Yes Yes [91]
2022 Life Is But a Dream — Yes Yes[b] No [92]

Television

[edit]
Year Title Credited as Notes Ref.
Director Writer Executive Producer
2018 The Little Drummer Girl Yes No Yes [93]
2020–present Snowpiercer No No Yes [94]
2024 The Sympathizer 3 episodes 7 episodes Yes Also co-creator [95]

Bibliography

[edit]
Books written by Park
Year Translated title Korean title Pages Publisher ISBN Ref.
2005 Park Chan-wook's Montage 박찬욱의 몽타주 299 Mind walk ISBN 89-89351-81-2 [96][97]
Park Chan-wook's Homage 박찬욱의 오마주 528 ISBN 89-89351-82-0 [98][99]

Awards and nominations

[edit]
Year Award Category Nominated work Result Ref.
2000 21st Blue Dragon Film Awards Best Film Joint Security Area Won [100]
Best Director Won
2001 51st Berlin International Film Festival Golden Bear Nominated [101]
Blue Ribbon Awards Best Foreign Film Won
Deauville Asian Film Festival Lotus d'Or (Prix du Jury) ("Jury Prize") Won [102]
Lotus du Public (Prix du Public) ("Popular Choice") Won
Grand Bell Awards Best Film Won
Seattle Film Festival Jury Special Award Won [103]
2002 Blue Dragon Film Awards Best Film Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance Nominated
Best Director Nominated
Busan Film Critics Awards Best Film Won
Best Director Won
Italian Film Noir Festival Special Jury Award Won [104][105]
Udine Far East Film Festival Audience Award Won
2003 Blue Dragon Film Awards Best Film Oldboy Nominated
Best Director Won
2004 Asian Pacific Film Festival Best Director Won [106]
British Independent Film Awards 2004 Best Foreign Independent Film Won
41st Grand Bell Awards Best Film Nominated [107]
Best Director Won
Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated
2004 Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or Nominated [108]
Grand Prix Won
17th European Film Awards Best Non-European Film Nominated [109]
Stockholm International Film Festival Audience Award Won [110]
2005 11th Critics' Choice Awards Best Foreign Language Film Nominated [111]
Austin Film Critics Association Awards 2005 Best Foreign Language Film Won
62nd Venice International Film Festival Golden Lion Lady Vengeance Nominated [112]
Little Golden Lion Won [113]
Young Cinema Award: Alternatives Won
'CinemAvvenire' Award: Best Film in Competition Won
26th Blue Dragon Film Awards Best Film Won [114]
Best Director Nominated
18th European Film Awards Screen International Nominated [115]
9th Proud Sogang Award Sogang Award Won [116][117]
Royal Salute Mark of Respect Award Won [118]
2006 43rd Grand Bell Awards Best Film Nominated [119]
Best Director Nominated
Bangkok International Film Festival Best Director Won [120]
Oporto International Film Festival Best Picture Won [121]
2007 57th Berlin International Film Festival Golden Bear I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK Nominated [122]
Alfred Bauer Prize Won
2009 36th Saturn Awards Best International Film Thirst Nominated
30th Blue Dragon Film Awards Best Film Nominated [123]
Best Director Nominated
2009 Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or Nominated [124]
Jury Prize Won
2011 61st Berlin International Film Festival Short Film Golden Bear (shared with Park Chan-kyong) Night Fishing Won [125]
2013 40th Saturn Awards Best International Film Stoker Nominated [126]
2016 Austin Film Critics Association Awards 2016 Best Film The Handmaiden Nominated [127]
Best Director Nominated
Best Adapted Screenplay (shared with Jeong Seo-kyeong) Nominated
Best Foreign Language Film Won
37th Blue Dragon Film Awards Best Film Nominated [128]
Best Director Nominated
Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 2016 Best Foreign Language Film Won [129]
25th Buil Film Awards Best Film Nominated [130]
Best Director Nominated
2016 Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or Nominated [131]
Queer Palm Nominated
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 2016 Best Film Nominated [132]
Best Director Nominated
Best Adapted Screenplay (shared with Jeong Seo-kyeong) Won
Best Foreign Language Film Won
22nd Critics' Choice Awards Best Foreign Language Film Nominated [133]
Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 2016 Best Foreign Language Film Won [134]
Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2016 Best Picture Nominated [135]
Best Foreign Language Film Won
2016 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards Best Foreign Language Film Won [136]
2016 National Society of Film Critics Awards Best Foreign Language Film 2nd Place [137]
Online Film Critics Society Awards 2016 Best Picture Nominated [138]
Best Foreign Language Film Won
San Diego Film Critics Society Best Foreign Language Film Nominated [139][140]
San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards 2016 Best Adapted Screenplay (shared with Chung Seo-kyung) Nominated [141]
Best Foreign Language Film Won
St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards 2016 Best Foreign Language Film Runner-up [142]
Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 2016 Best Foreign Language Film Runner-up [143]
Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards 2016 Best Foreign Language Film Nominated [144]
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards 2016 Best Foreign Language Film Nominated [145]
2017 11th Asian Film Awards Best Screenplay (shared with Chung Seo-kyung) Nominated [146]
53rd Baeksang Arts Awards Grand Prize – Film Won [147][148]
Best Film Nominated
Best Director Nominated
Best Screenplay (shared with Chung Seo-kyung) Nominated
21st Satellite Awards Best Foreign Language Film Nominated [149]
43rd Saturn Awards Best International Film Won [150]
2018 71st British Academy Film Awards Best Film Not in the English Language Won [151]
2022 43rd Blue Dragon Film Awards Best Film Decision to Leave Won [152]
Best Director Won
Best Screenplay (shared with Chung Seo-kyung) Won
British Independent Film Awards 2022 Best International Independent Film Nominated [153]
31st Buil Film Awards Best Film Won [154]
Best Director Nominated
Best Screenplay (shared with Chung Seo-kyung) Nominated
2022 Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or Nominated [155][156]
Best Director Won
Chunsa Film Art Awards 2022 Best Screenplay (shared with Chung Seo-kyung) Nominated [157][158]
Best Director Won
Critics Choice Awards
Asian Pacific Cinema & Television 		Director Award Won [159]
Gotham Independent Film Awards 2022 Best International Feature Nominated [160]
58th Grand Bell Awards Best Film Won [161]
Best Director Nominated
Best Screenplay (shared with Chung Seo-kyung) Won
Korean Association of Film Critics Awards Best Film Won [162]
Best Director Won
Best Screenplay (shared with Chung Seo-kyung) Won
LACMA Art + Film Gala Art+Film Gala Won [163]
27th Satellite Awards Best Motion Picture – International Nominated [164]
2023 16th Asian Film Awards Best Director Nominated [165]
59th Baeksang Arts Awards Grand Prize – Film Won [166][167]
Best Film Nominated
Best Director Won
Best Screenplay (shared with Jeong Seo-kyeong) Nominated
Director's Cut Awards Best Director in Film Won [168]
Best Screenplay Won
Visionary Awards[c] 2023 Visionary Park Chan-wook Won [170]

State honors

[edit]
Country Ceremony Year Honor or Award Ref.
South Korea Culture Day Award Ceremony 2000 Today's Young Artist Award — Film
Minister's Office of Culture and Tourism Commendation 		[171][172]
Minister's Office of Culture and Tourism Award Ceremony 2004 Bogwan Order of Cultural Merit [173]
2006 Korea Cultural Contents Export Merit Ceremony 2006 Presidential Citation [174]
Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards[d] 2022 Eugwan Order of Cultural Merit [178]

Listicles

[edit]
Publisher Year Listicle Placement Ref.
Hankyoreh 2004 100 people who will open the future of Korea Top 15 [179]
Herald Business Daily 2008 Pop Culture Power Leader Big 30 11th [180][181]
Sisa Journal 2005 Most influential person in the entertainment industry 9th [182]
2008 Next Generation Leader—Film Industry 1st [183]
2009 1st [184]
2015 Next Generation Leader—Pop Culture 7th [185]
2017 Next Generation Leader—Culture, Arts, Sports 22th[e] [186]
2018 Korea's Most Influential Cultural Artists 6th [187]
2019 6th [187]
2020 3rd [188]
2021 5th [189]
2022 2nd [190]
2023 3rd [191]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Multiple references:[6][7][8][9][10]
  2. ^ a b c d e With his brother Park Chan-kyong.
  3. ^ Visionary Awards, which started in 2020, selects and awards people who lead roles in the Korean entertainment industry. It highlights the meaning and achievements of a person whose chosen trend keywords penetrated the entertainment industry, including broadcasting, movies, music, and performances, and presents the next vision of the cultural sector with outstanding achievements and influence.[169]
  4. ^ Since 2020, Honors are given at the Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards, arranged by the Korea Creative Content Agency and hosted by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism.[175][176] They are awarded to those who have contributed to the arts and South Korea's pop culture.[177]
  5. ^ Tied with Ryoo Seung-wan

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Chee, Alexander (16 October 2017). "Park Chan-wook, the Man Who Put Korean Cinema on the Map". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Watch: Bold, Beautiful 7-Minute Supercut Tribute To The Films Of Park Chan-Wook". Indiewire.com. 25 August 2015. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  3. ^ a b "Cannes 09: Park Chan-Wook's 'Thirst' Is An Absurdist Treat That Becomes Muddled; Overstays Its Welcome". Theplaylist.net. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
  4. ^ Cotter, Padraig (29 September 2020). "Why Park Chan-wook Has Disowned His Debut The Moon Is The Sun's Dream". ScreenRant. Retrieved 18 September 2023.
  5. ^ Lah, Je-gi (29 January 2017). 박찬욱 "여배우 강압 노출? 노동현장 인권문제" (in Korean). Hankook Ilbo. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  6. ^ "/Film's Top 100 Movies Of All Time". /Film. 22 May 2023. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  7. ^ "The 100 greatest foreign-language films". www.bbc.com. Archived from the original on 25 December 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  8. ^ "The 100 Greatest Movies Of The 21st Century". Empire. 18 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  9. ^ "The 100 best films of the 21st century (so far)". Time Out Worldwide. 6 February 2022. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  10. ^ Sciretta, Peter (5 October 2008). "Empire Magazine's 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time". /Film. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  11. ^ a b "The Handmaiden". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  12. ^ Chan-wook, Park. (10 December 2005). Park's Montage (essay). 마음 산책. "Introduction about the author, and the prologue". ISBN 89-89351-81-2.
  13. ^ a b 히치콕이 내 인생 바꿨다 [Hitchcock changed my life]. entertain.naver.com (in Korean). 27 May 2004. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  14. ^ a b Tolentino, Jia (15 April 2024). "Mr. Vengeance". The New Yorker: 46–47.
  15. ^ a b "Dialogue: Park Chan-wook". The Hollywood Reporter. 14 May 2004. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2007.
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  17. ^ "A.V. Club interview with Park Chan-wook". The A.V. Club. 6 August 2009. Archived from the original on 10 August 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
  18. ^ Lah, Je-gi (29 January 2017). 박찬욱 "여배우 강압 노출? 노동현장 인권문제" (in Korean). Hankook Ilbo. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  19. ^ "Yellow Sea Rising: The Resurrection of South Korean Cinema". Blockmuseum.northwestern.edu. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2009.
  20. ^ McConkey, Rachael. "Contemporary South Korean Auteurs". Traumafilm.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
  21. ^ "Palisades Tartan unleashes the 8-Disc VENGEANCE TRILOGY Box". Fangoria.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
  22. ^ "The New Cult Canon: Oldboy". The A.V. Club. 1 October 2008. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
  23. ^ Vogels, Pim (3 August 2020). "10 Great Thriller Movies Recommended By Quentin Tarantino". Taste of Cinema - Movie Reviews and Classic Movie Lists. Archived from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  24. ^ [대담한 문화읽기]듣는 영화 묘미를 아십니까. entertain.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 18 February 2024.
  25. ^ "China's Tuya's Marriage wins Berlin film festival". Rawstory.com. 17 February 2007. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
  26. ^ a b c d Lee, Rachel (29 March 2012). "Park Chan-wook stalks a thriller with 'Stoker'". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
  27. ^ "'Oldboy' director shoots new horror film on iPhone 4". CNN. 11 January 2011. Archived from the original on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  28. ^ Kay, Jeremy (1 September 2011). "Shooting begins on Stoker for Scott Free, Searchlight, Indian Paintbrush". Screen Daily. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
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