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List of official languages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

See also: List of languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language

This is a list of official, or otherwise administratively-recognized, languages of sovereign countries, regions, and supra-national institutions. The article also lists lots of languages which have no administrative mandate as an official language, generally describing these as de facto official languages.

Official languages of sovereign countries, wholly or partly

[edit]

A

[edit]

Abkhaz:

Afar:

Afrikaans:

Aja-Gbe:

Akan (Akuapem Twi, Asante Twi, Fante):

Albanian:

Amharic:

Anii:

Arabic (see also List of countries where Arabic is an official language):

Araona:

Armenian:

Assamese:

  • India (with 21 other regional languages, and with English as a link language)

Aymara:

Azerbaijani:

B

[edit]

Balanta:

Bambara:

Bariba:

Basque:

Bassari:

Bedik:

Belarusian:

Bengali:

Berber:

Biali:

Bislama:

Boko:

Bomu:

Bosnian:

Bozo:

Buduma:

Bulgarian:

Burmese:

C

[edit]

Cantonese:

Catalan:

Chinese, Mandarin:

Chichewa:

Chirbawe (Sena):

Comorian

Corsican :

Croatian:

Czech:

  • Czech Republic
  • Slovakia (legislation states that a person using Czech language at a Slovak institution must be treated as if using Slovak language)

D

[edit]

Dagaare:

Dagbani:

Dangme

Danish:

Dari:

  • Afghanistan (a local variant of Persian, but defined as "Dari" in the Afghan constitution; together with Pashto)[31]

Dendi:

Dhivehi:

Dioula:

Dogon:

Dutch:

sole official language in:
co-official language in:

Dzongkha:

E

[edit]

English (see also List of countries where English is an official language):

Estonian:

Ewe-Gbe:

F

[edit]

Faroese:

Fijian:

Filipino:

Finnish:

Fon-Gbe:

Foodo:

Formosan:

French (see also List of countries where French is an official language):

sole official language in:
co-official language in:
Official language in:

Fula:

G

[edit]

Ga:

Gàidhlig:

Gbe:

Gen-Gbe:

Georgian:

German:

sole official language in:
Official language in 21 cantons:

Gonja:

Gourmanché

Greek:

Guaraní:

Gujarati:

  • India

H

[edit]

Haitian Creole:

Hakka:

Hassaniya:

Hausa:

Hebrew:

Hindi:

Hiri Motu:

Hungarian:

I

[edit]

Igbo:

Icelandic:

Indonesian:

Irish:

Italian:

Official language in:

J

[edit]

Japanese:

  • Japan (de facto)
  • Palau (Angaur)

Javanese:

  • native to Java; Indonesia
    • Special region of Yogyakarta

Jola:

K

[edit]

Kabye:

Kalanga:

Kannada:

  • India (with 21 other regional Languages, and with English as a link language)

Kanuri:

Kasem:

Kazakh:

Khmer:

Kinyarwanda:

Kirundi:

Kissi

"Koisan" (Tshuwau):

Korean:

Korean Sign Language:

Kpelle:

Kurdish:

Kyrgyz:

L

[edit]

Lao:

Latin:

Latvian:

Lithuanian:

Lukpa:

Luxembourgish:

M

[edit]

Macedonian:

Malagasy:

Malay:

Malinke:

Maltese:

Mamara:

Manding (Mandinka, Malinke):

Mandinka:

Mandjak:

Mankanya:

Manx Gaelic:

Māori:

  • New Zealand (with English and New Zealand Sign Language)

Marshallese:

Mauritian Creole

Mbelime:

Meitei (officially known as Manipuri)

  • India (along with 21 other scheduled languages recognised by the 8th schedule of the Indian Constitution)

Mongolian:

Montenegrin:

Mossi:

N

[edit]

Nambya:

Nateni:

Nauruan

Ndau:

Ndebele (Northern):

Ndebele (Southern):

Nepali:

New Zealand Sign Language:

  • New Zealand (with English and Māori)

Noon:

Northern Sotho:

Norwegian:

  • Norway (two official written forms – Bokmål and Nynorsk)

Nzema:

O

[edit]

Oniyan:

Oriya

  • India (with 21 other regional Languages, and with English as a link language)

Oromo:

Ossetian:

P

[edit]

Palauan:

Papiamento:

Pashto:

Persian:

Polish:

Portuguese:

Punjabi:

Q

[edit]

Quechua:

R

[edit]

Romanian:

Romansh:

Russian:

S

[edit]

Safen:

Samoan

Sango

Sena:

Scots

Serbian:

Serer:

Seychellois Creole

Shona:

Sinhala:

Slovak:

Slovene:

Somali:

Songhay-Zarma:

Soninke:

Sotho:

South African Sign Language

Spanish:

Susu:

Swahili:

Swati:

Swedish:

Syenara:

T

[edit]

Taiwan Sign Language:

Taiwanese Hokkien:

Tajik:

Tagalog:

Tamasheq:

Tamil:

Tammari:

Tasawaq:

Tebu:

Telugu:

Tetum:

Thai:

Tigrinya:

Tok Pisin:

Toma:

Tonga:

Tongan

Tsonga:

Tswana:

Turkish:

Turkmen:

Tuvaluan

U

[edit]

Ukrainian:

Urdu:

  • Pakistan (with English)
  • India (Urdu dialect and in script it is Sanscrit with 21 other regional languages, and with English as a link language)

Uzbek:

V

[edit]

Venda:

Vietnamese:

W

[edit]

Waama:

Waci-Gbe:

Wamey:

Welsh:

Wolof:

X

[edit]

Xhosa:

Xwela-Gbe:

Y

[edit]

Yobe:

Yom:

Yoruba:

Z

[edit]

Zimbabwean sign language:

Zulu:

List of languages by the number of countries in which they are the most widely used

[edit]

This is a ranking of languages by number of sovereign countries in which they are de jure or de facto official, co-official, an administrative or working language.[66]

Language Number of countries language spoken
English 101
French 60
Arabic 51
Standard Chinese 33
Spanish 31
Persian 29
German 18
Russian 16
Malay 13
Portuguese 12

Official regional and minority languages

[edit]

Abaza:

Adyghe:

Aghul:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Aklanon:

  • Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Waray)[70]

Albanian:

Altay:

Arabic:

Aranese see Occitan

Armenian:

Assamese:

Avar:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Azeri:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Balkar:

Bashkir:

Basque:

Bengali:

Bikol:

  • Luzon and Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Waray)[70]

Bosnian:

Buryat:

Cantonese Chinese:

  • China:

Catalan:

Cebuano:

  • Visayas and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)[70]

Chavacano:

  • Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan)[70]

Chechen:

Cherkess:

Cherokee:

Chipewyan:

  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Chukchi:

  • Sakha (local official language; in localities with Chukchi population)[78]

Chuvash:

Cree:

  • Northwest Territories (with Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Crimean Tatar

  • Crimea (with Russian and Ukrainian)

Croatian:

Dargwa:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Dolgan:

  • Sakha (local official language; in localities with Dolgan population)[78]

Dutch:

English:

  • parts of Canada:
See also: Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories
  • The United Kingdom:

Erzya:

Even:

  • Sakha (local official language; in localities with Even population)[78]

Evenki:

  • Sakha (local official language; in localities with Evenki population)[78]

Faroese:

Finnish:

  • Karelia (authorized language; with Karelian and Veps)[81]

French:

  • parts of Canada

Frisian (West):

Friulian:

  • The Friuli region of northeastern Italy

Gagauz:

Galician:

  • part of Spain

German:

Greek:

Guaraní:

Gujarati:

Gwich'in:

  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Hawaiian:

Hiligaynon:

  • Visayas and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)[70]

Hindi:

Hungarian:

Ibanag:

  • Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Sambal, and Tagalog)[70]

Ilocano:

  • Luzon and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan.)[70]

Ingush:

Inuinnaqtun:

  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))
  • Nunavut (with English, French, and Inuktitut)

Inuktitut:

  • Nunavut (with English, French, and Inuinnaqtun)
  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Inuvialuktun:

  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Irish:

Italian:

Ivatan:

  • Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ibanag, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Sambal, and Tagalog)[70]

Japanese:

Kabardian:

Kalaallisut:

Kalmyk:

Kannada:

  • India (with 21 other regional languages)

Kapampangan:

  • Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ilocano, Ibanag, Ivatan, Pangasinan, Sambal, and Tagalog)[70]

Karachay:

Karelian:

  • Karelia (authorized language; with Finnish and Veps)[81]

Kashmiri:

Kazakh:

Khakas:

Khanty:

Kinaray-a:

  • Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Waray)[70]

Komi:

Komi-Permyak:

Korean:

Kumyk:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Kyrgyz:

Lak:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Lezgian:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Macedonian

Maguindanao:

  • Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan)[70]

Malayalam:

Mansi:

Maranao:

  • Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan)[70]

Marathi:

Mari (Hill and Meadow):

Mayan:

Meitei (officially known as Manipuri):

Mi'kmaq:

  • Nova Scotia ("first language"; with English (de facto), French, Scottish Gaelic)

Moksha:

Mongolian:

Náhuatl:

  • Mexico (*only recognized)
  • El Salvador (*only recognized)

Nenets:

Nepali:

  • India (with 21 other regional languages)

Nogai:

Occitan:

Odia:

  • India (with 21 other regional languages)

Ossetic (Digor and Iron dialects):

Pangasinan:

  • Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Sambal, and Tagalog)[70]

Portuguese:

Punjabi:

Romanian:

  • Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak and Ruthenian)

Russian. Russian is fixed as a state language in the Constitutions of the republics of the Russian Federation:

Rusyn:

  • Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak)
  • Ukraine
    • Zakarapts'ka region (with Ukrainian, Hungarian)

Rutul:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Sakha:

Sambal:

  • Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, and Tagalog)[70]

Sami:

  • Finland (in four municipalities)
  • Norway (in six municipalities in two provinces)
  • Sweden (in four municipalities and surrounding municipalities)

Sanskrit:

Saraiki

Sarikoli:

Selkup:

Serbian:

Sindhi:

  • India (with 21 other regional languages)
  • Pakistan (Official language in the province of Sindh along with Urdu and English)

North and South Slavey:

  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Slovak:

  • part of Serbia
    • Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Hungarian, Romanian and Ruthenian)

Slovene:

Spanish:

Surigaonon:

  • Visayas and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)[70]

Tabasaran:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Tagalog:

  • Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)[70]

Tahitian:

Tamil:

Tat:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Tatar:

Tausug:

  • Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Maranao, and Yakan)[70]

Telugu:

Tibetan:

Tłįchǫ:

  • Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, and South Slavey)

Tsakhur:

  • Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)[69]

Tswana:

Turkish:

Tuvan:

Udmurt:

Urdu:

  • Pakistan (with English as co-official language)
  • India (with 21 other regional languages)

Uyghur:

Veps:

  • Karelia (authorized language; with Finnish and Karelian)[81]

Vietnamese:

Waray:

Welsh:

  • Wales (United Kingdom) (with English)

Yakan:

  • Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Tausug)[70]

Yiddish:

Yukaghir:

  • Sakha (local official language; in localities with Yukaghir population)[78]

Zhuang:

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The sovereignty of Kosovo is disputed. See International recognition of Kosovo.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b (in Russian) Статья 4. Конституция Республики Южная Осетия Archived 21 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Section 6. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "Article 14. Albanian Constitution". Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  4. ^ Article 5. Kosovo Constitution Archived 21 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ "Albanian becomes the second official language in Macedonia". European Western Balkans. 15 January 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  6. ^ Article 5. Ethiopian Constitution
  7. ^ a b Article 4. Constitution of Iraq Archived 13 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ a b Article 5. Constitution du Maroc Archived 18 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales
  10. ^ a b c d e Artículo 5. Constitución Política del Estado
  11. ^ "Armenian Constitution (article 20, English Translation)".
  12. ^ "Article 15. Constitution of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic". Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  13. ^ a b c "Artículo 48. Constitución Política del Perú". Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  14. ^ Article 21. Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan
  15. ^ a b Article 17. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus Archived 16 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ 3. The state language. Constitution of Bangladesh Archived 15 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ "How Bengali became an official language in Sierra Leone". The Indian Express. 1 October 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  18. ^ "Why Bangla is an official language in Sierra Leone". Dhaka Tribune. 23 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
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  21. ^ a b c Hilary Footitt; Michael Kelly (2012). Languages at War: Policies and Practices of Language Contacts in Conflict. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-230-36877-4.
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  23. ^ Article 450. Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar
  24. ^ Article 2. La Constitució del Principat d’Andorra
  25. ^ a b c d Articles 44, 53, 123. Constitution of the Republic of Singapore
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  31. ^ a b c "Article 16. Constitution of Afghanistan". Archived from the original on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  32. ^ Article 11. Constitution of the Republic of Maldives
  33. ^ Article 1. Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ a b c Section 4. Fiji Constitution
  35. ^ a b "Article 8. Constitution of Ireland 1937" (PDF). p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2012.
  36. ^ Article 152 – National Language and Other Languages, Constitution of Malaysia
  37. ^ a b Article 49. Constitution of Mauritius Archived 2 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
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  40. ^ a b Article 5. La Constitution de la République d’Haïti
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  43. ^ a b Article 8. Constitution of Georgia
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  45. ^ a b "App. D., Part 1, Art. 3. Constitution of Cyprus". Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  46. ^ a b Artículo 140. Constituciones de la Archived 28 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine ública del Paraguay
  47. ^ a b c Article 55. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
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  49. ^ "Part XVII. Constitution of India" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  50. ^ Article H. Fundamental Law of Hungary
  51. ^ a b Article 36. Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Archived 7 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  52. ^ a b Article 7. Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan Archived 20 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  53. ^ Article 5. Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia
  54. ^ a b Minahan, James B. (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-61069-018-8.
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  58. ^ "Survista dal Grischun".
  59. ^ Article 68. Constitution of the Russian Federation
  60. ^ a b Article 12. Constitution of the Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublica
  61. ^ Slovak language is defined as official language together with Czech language by several laws – e.g. law 500/2004, 337/1992. Source: http://portal.gov.cz. Cited: "Například Správní řád (zákon č. 500/2004 Sb.) stanovuje: "V řízení se jedná a písemnosti se vyhotovují v českém jazyce. Účastníci řízení mohou jednat a písemnosti mohou být předkládány i v jazyce slovenském..." (§16, odstavec 1). Zákon o správě daní a poplatků (337/1992 Sb.) „Úřední jazyk: Před správcem daně se jedná v jazyce českém nebo slovenském. Veškerá písemná podání se předkládají v češtině nebo slovenštině..." (§ 3, odstavec 1). http://portal.gov.cz
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  63. ^ Section 3. Spanish Constitution
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  68. ^ a b Article 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Adygea
  69. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Article 11 of the Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan
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  71. ^ a b Article 13 of the Constitution of the Republic of Altay
  72. ^ a b c Article 76 of the Constitution of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic
  73. ^ a b Article 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan
  74. ^ a b Article 67 of the Constitution of the Republic of Buryatia
  75. ^ Article 108 of the Statute of the Zabaykalsky Krai
  76. ^ a b Article 10 of the Constitution of the Chechen Republic
  77. ^ "The Cherokee Nation & its Language" (PDF). University of Minnesota: Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition. 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
  78. ^ a b c d e "Article 6 of the Law of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) On languages in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)". Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
  79. ^ a b Article 8 of the Constitution of the Chuvash Republic
  80. ^ a b c Article 12 of the Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia
  81. ^ a b c Law of the Republic of Karelia On state support of Karelian, Veps and Finnish languages in the Republic of Karelia Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  82. ^ a b Article 14 of the Constitution of the Republic of Ingushetia
  83. ^ a b Article 17 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kalmykia
  84. ^ Article 4 of the Law of the Republic of Altay On languages Archived 11 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  85. ^ a b Article 69 of the Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia
  86. ^ a b c "Law of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug On the languages of the aboriginal minorities of the North living within the territory of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
  87. ^ a b c "Law of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug On native languages of the aboriginal minorities of the North within the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
  88. ^ a b Article 67 of the Constitution of the Republic of Komi
  89. ^ Article 42 of the Statute of the Perm Krai Archived 3 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  90. ^ a b Article 15 of the Constitution of the Republic of Mari El
  91. ^ a b Article 15 of the Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia—Alania
  92. ^ Article 11 of the Constitution of the Republic of Karelia
  93. ^ a b Article 46 of the Constitution of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
  94. ^ a b Article 8 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan
  95. ^ a b Article 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tyva
  96. ^ a b Article 8 of the Constitution of the Udmurt Republic
  97. ^ a b c d e f g h "Treće izvješće Republike Hrvatske o primjeni Europske povelje o regionalnim ili manjinskim jezicima" (PDF). Government of Croatia. August 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  98. ^ a b c d e f g h i Government of Croatia. "NAPUTAK ZA DOSLJEDNU PROVEDBU ZAKONA O UPORABI JEZIKA I PISMA NACIONALNIH MANJINA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ". Narodne novine. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  99. ^ a b c "Registar Geografskih Imena Nacionalnih Manjina Republike Hrvatske" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  100. ^ "Bilingual Border Cities Contest Movement to Make English the Official Language". HuffPost. 2 February 2012.
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