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For other uses, see KMAX (disambiguation).

KMAX-TV
CitySacramento, California
Channels
BrandingKMAX 31
Programming
Affiliations
Ownership
Owner
KOVR
History
First air date
October 5, 1974
(49 years ago) (1974-10-05)
Former call signs
  • KRAK-TV (CP, 1968–1969)[1]
  • KRAQ (CP, 1969–1971)[1]
  • KMUV-TV (1971–1981)
  • KRBK-TV (1981–1995)
  • KPWB-TV (1995–1998)
Former channel number(s)
  • Analog: 31 (UHF, 1974–2009)
  • Digital: 21 (UHF, 2002–2020)
  • Independent (1974–1995)
  • The WB (1995–1998)
  • UPN (1998–2006)
  • The CW (2006–2023)
Call sign meaning
"Maximum Entertainment"
Technical information[2]
Licensing authority
FCC
Facility ID51499
ERP1,000 kW
HAAT591.1 m (1,939 ft)
Transmitter coordinates38°14′24″N 121°30′7″W / 38.24000°N 121.50194°W / 38.24000; -121.50194
Links
Public license information
Websitewww.cbsnews.com/gooddaysacramento/

KMAX-TV (channel 31) is an independent television station in Sacramento, California, United States. It is owned by the CBS News and Stations group alongside Stockton-licensed KOVR (channel 13), the market's CBS owned-and-operated station. The two stations share studios on KOVR Drive in West Sacramento; KMAX-TV's transmitter is located in Walnut Grove, California.

KMUV-TV: Early years

[edit]

Construction

[edit]

In 1966, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) received two applications to build a new television station in Sacramento on ultra high frequency (UHF) channel 15. The Grayson Television Company, headed by Sidney Grayson of Sacramento, and the Hercules Broadcasting Company, owners of Sacramento radio station KRAK, each sought the channel.[3] Grayson attempted to reach an agreement with Hercules to end the proceeding by having the latter withdraw its application; Grayson alleged that Hercules had agreed to withdraw only to later renege, resulting in a lawsuit.[4] While Hercules won the construction permit in July 1968,[5] Grayson bought the permit in 1970 from Hercules with hopes of opening it in 1972.[6][7] During the construction process, the FCC switched the construction permit for KMUV-TV from channel 15 to channel 31 out of concerns that the new station would interfere with public safety radio systems using nearby spectrum in San Francisco.[8]

In March 1973, Grayson received final engineering approval.[9] It leased land for studios in Sacramento and a tower in Walnut Grove.[10] After several construction delays,[11] KMUV-TV began broadcasting on October 5, 1974.[12] When the station went on, it was an independent station whose programming consisted nearly entirely of movies, with three films to be telecast each day and repeated. The primary interruption was an early evening program in Spanish.[13]

KMUV-TV's attempts to get on the air were noteworthy for causing a dispute that almost led the FCC to deny the license renewal of its principal competitor, KTXL (channel 40). KTXL attempted to show to the FCC that Grayson was unqualified to be a broadcast licensee, in opposition to the channel change from 15 to 31. KTXL owner Camellia City Telecasters submitted a pleading containing what purported to be a telex message from Dun & Bradstreet claiming he was an officer of the company after having previously been convicted of income tax evasion though he was merely a general manager. In August 1974, the FCC opened a hearing into charges the teletype was forged.[14] In 1975, Grayson Television sued Camellia City for $7.5 million, claiming the filing was an attempt to prevent KMUV-TV from being constructed. The next year, an administrative law judge issued an initial decision finding against KTXL and recommending its license not be renewed.[15] Shortly after, the station won $150,000 in a settlement with Camellia City. The FCC voted in June 1978 to overturn the recommendation and renew the KTXL license.[16]

Non-English broadcasting

[edit]

KMUV-TV struggled financially. It filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization in April 1976, facing 11 lawsuits for nonpayment and owing banks and one of its officers. By then, shareholders in Channel 31, Inc.—the former Grayson Television—were negotiating with Pappas Associates, led by Mike Pappas and his brothers Harry and Pete. The Pappas family—owners of KMPH-TV in Visalia and radio stations—announced plans to switch channel 31 to a station focusing primarily on Spanish-language programming as well as shows catering to other ethnic groups,[17] which took effect on May 3.[18] Though Pappas Associates ran the station, the company never bought it because of possible signal overlap issues to KMPH-TV; instead, Mike Pappas obtained an option to buy it outright.[19] The station had a limited amount of Spanish-language local programming; it aired the local magazine program El Pueblo, produced by a Catholic organization, as well as a regular program on the California state legislature[20] and a weekly cooking show.[21]

Beginning in 1978, a series of potential ownership deals could have seen channel 31 become an over-the-air subscription television (STV) station for Sacramento. That May, Sacramento Television Inc. agreed to acquire KMUV-TV. Eighty percent of the firm was owned by Carl B. Hilliard Jr., a San Diego attorney. The remainder was held by Universal Subscription Television (US-TV), which was mostly owned by the Canadian CanWest Capital Corporation. Universal was in the process of signing up stations for potential conversion to subscription service across the country.[22] The deal never panned out, though in July 1980, the FCC approved the $7.7 million acquisition of KMUV-TV by Tandem Productions and Jerry Perenchio, who likewise wished to offer a subscription service over channel 31.[23] The two were partners in the ON TV STV service offered by WXON in Detroit, while Perenchio at the time owned WNJU-TV in the New York City market and part of the subscription television service on KBSC-TV in Los Angeles.[24]

KRBK-TV: The Koplar years

[edit]

Within months of buying KMUV-TV, Tandem and Perenchio decided not to build it as a subscription station in the face of heavy competition from cable television and MDS microwave distribution systems. As a result, they agreed to sell the station to Koplar Broadcasting, owner of KPLR-TV in St. Louis. Koplar declared it would not operate channel 31 with STV.[25]

In KMUV-TV, Koplar found what amounted to a blank slate. The station had negligible viewership. Gail Brekke, who left her post as KPLR-TV's national sales manager to become the general manager in Sacramento, found only four usable chairs and ten working telephones. The station was completely relaunched as KRBK-TV,[a] a general-entertainment independent station, on April 6, 1981.[28] The staff grew from 8 to 45 within a year, while satellite receiving equipment was added.[29][30] Children's programming was among the first content to rate highly on the revamped KRBK-TV, largely because children tended to seek out new stations more than their parents.[31] In 1984, Koplar moved KRBK-TV's transmitter to the 1,800-foot (550 m) level of the new KCRA-TV tower in Walnut Grove, moving some 800 feet (240 m) above its prior site;[32] the next year, it began telecasting in stereo.[33] By 1985, KRBK-TV had gained market share and narrowed the gap to KTXL.[33][34]

Starting a news operation

[edit]

Two years after relaunching channel 31, Koplar added a local 10 p.m. newscast to the station's schedule, a small effort hosted by Gary Lindsey (previously of KSBW in Salinas). The newscast, despite modest resources, was intended to compete with KTXL's 10 p.m. newscast.[35] Prime News moved from 10 to 10:30 p.m. in March 1985,[36] but Koplar soon opted to retool the news department altogether and took it off the air that July.[37]

The revamped 31 News Tonight debuted on January 27, 1986. Its lead female anchor was Christine Craft, who had made headlines for an age and sex discrimination lawsuit against her prior employer, KMBC-TV in Kansas City.[38] The new newscast failed to attract significant viewership: in May 1986, it managed an audience share of just two percent.[39] Within a year, anchor Tim Klein was dismissed[39] and replaced with Robert Dyk, a network news veteran.[40] When original sports director Rich Gould left KRBK-TV for KPLR-TV in 1987, he was replaced by Grant Napear, who moved from WAND in Decatur, Illinois.[41]

The 10 p.m. newscast moved to 9 p.m. in September 1989, a move designed to reduce competition with KTXL and the threat that KCRA could change its 11 p.m. local news to 10 p.m.[42] The move immediately resulted in ratings increases.[43] Craft departed the next month to study law.[44]

Scott Jones arrived from West Palm Beach, Florida, to become KRBK-TV's news director in 1990.[45] Jones set out to make the newscast faster-paced with a higher story count and an emphasis on crime and education stories.[46] In the November 1990 survey, the newscast increased its audience share from three to five percent.[47] A second nightly newscast, at 9:30 p.m., debuted in September 1991; the separate news program in lieu of an hour-long news allowed the same reporters to return and update stories in the second half-hour.[48] Jones departed in 1992 to take a corporate position with Koplar Communications.[49]

Sacramento Kings on 31

[edit]

When the NBA's Kansas City Kings relocated to Sacramento and became the Sacramento Kings in 1985, their first television partner was then-ABC affiliate KOVR (channel 13), which broadcast 20 games a season of the new club. The rights came up for bid in 1988, and KRBK offered to telecast 30 games;[50] its bid came in lower than KOVR's. Napear became the new play-by-play announcer for the team after it moved its games to channel 31.[51]

KPWB-TV: Pappas ownership, WB affiliation, and 31 Action News

[edit]

Through 1993, rumors continued of a possible sale of KRBK-TV amid concern for the financial future of Koplar Communications. The company's stations had suffered from the early 1990s recession, increased competition, and a high load of commitments to unsuccessful programming. Expensive programming purchases accelerated a spiral of borrowing that had begun with the KRBK-TV acquisition in 1981 but was masked by the solid performance of KPLR-TV in St. Louis.[52][53] Broadcasting magazine reported in February that syndicators, who supply television programs, were meeting to review Koplar's indebtedness as well as a rumor that KRBK-TV was up for sale along with a second Sacramento-market independent station, KSCH-TV (channel 58), to be packaged together for possible consolidation.[54]

The Tribune Company negotiated to acquire the two stations, but talks—prolonged by syndicators' objections to proposed concessions and contract forgiveness[55]—fell through after ten months. Instead, Pappas Telecasting purchased KRBK-TV and provided a program-buying alliance for KPLR-TV, which remained with Koplar.[56][57] The $22 million acquisition[58] closed in July 1994, at which time Pappas imposed a new dress code on station employees that prohibited women from wearing slacks.[59]

Just before Koplar sold channel 31, it committed the station to The WB, a new television network slated for a 1995 launch.[60] When The WB debuted on January 11, 1995, KRBK-TV became KPWB-TV for its new owner (Pappas) and network (WB).[61]

In preparation for the switch, 31 News moved in September 1994 from its double-half-hour format at 9 p.m. to 10 p.m., putting it back into competition with KTXL and KSCH, and introduced weekend reports.[62] In spite of its more limited resources—the station had 25 employees in news, a third the size of its rivals—and its third-place ratings at 10, KPWB attempted to remain competitive on reporting with the four other local TV news departments with creative coverage decisions.[63]

Pappas invested in the news product, quadrupling the size of the KMAX newsroom and launching a local morning program, The Morning Show, in August 1995.[64] The evening news coverage was rebranded 31 Action News in January 1996 and reformatted from an hour-long report at 10 to half-hour newscasts at 7 and 10 p.m. designed to cater to busy viewers. The existing anchor team of John Malos and Sharon Ito was replaced by John Alston, who came from WSB-TV in Atlanta.[65] 31 Action News expanded to add news at 11:30 a.m. in August 1996[66] and 11 p.m. in June 1997, bringing KPWB-TV's local news output to five hours a day—second only to KCRA-TV.[67]

KMAX-TV: Paramount ownership and switch to UPN

[edit]

On July 16, 1997, the Paramount Stations Group announced a deal to purchase KPWB-TV from Pappas. Paramount was the half-owner of The WB's primary competitor, UPN, and the purchase was immediately seen as portending an affiliation switch for the station.[68][69] Paramount's corporate parent, Viacom, paid for KPWB-TV at a purchase price exceeding $100 million[70] with proceeds from the sale of WVIT, the NBC affiliate it owned in Connecticut, to that network. Broadcasting & Cable reported that Paramount pursued the station because it had become aware that UPN's existing Sacramento-market affiliate, KQCA (the former KSCH-TV), planned not to renew.[71]

Channel 31 became Sacramento's UPN station on January 5, 1998, with WB programming moving to KQCA. It simultaneously changed its call sign to KMAX-TV, instituted early prime time for UPN programming (7–9 p.m. instead of 8–10 p.m.), and restored the 9 p.m. news hour that had been successful prior to WB affiliation.[72] Though Paramount initially promised further news investment along with an upgraded syndicated programming inventory and larger sales force,[73] the early prime time schedule and new news time slots did not last the year in spite of producing the station's highest news ratings in three years.[74] On August 14, 1998, KMAX-TV aired its final evening newscast after twelve and a half years and moved UPN programming to a traditional 8–10 p.m. schedule. Elliott Troshinsky, the station's general manager, described the move as supporting UPN, which that season moved to five nights of programming.[75] The move dovetailed with a general retreat from news by Paramount stations; Paramount had canceled outsourced local newscasts for its stations in Columbus, Ohio;[76] Providence, Rhode Island;[77] and Norfolk, Virginia,[78] in 1997. The next year, it shut down the entire local news operation at WTOG-TV in St. Petersburg, Florida,[79] and proceeded to do so at KSTW serving Seattle.[80] Also in 1998, it scrapped the outsourced newscast aired by WSBK-TV in Boston.[81]

Viacom acquired CBS in 2000, merging Paramount Stations Group with CBS' owned-and-operated stations to form the Viacom Television Stations Group.

Midway through the 2002–03 Sacramento Kings season, the team's owners, the Maloof family, terminated the station's contract due to the Kings forming their own sales and marketing departments and taking the ad sales "in house." KMAX remains the local over-the-air affiliate of the San Francisco Giants Major League Baseball franchise. It also held local broadcast rights to the Oakland Athletics before that team moved all its telecasts to regional sports network Comcast SportsNet California in 2009.

Duopoly with KMAX

[edit]

In May 2005, Viacom purchased KOVR from the Sinclair Broadcast Group, creating a duopoly with KMAX; KMAX's operations were also relocated to KOVR's studios in West Sacramento. Six months later, Viacom divested itself of CBS due to the company's split into two separate entities (one of which retained the Viacom name); KOVR and KMAX, along with the other CBS and UPN stations operated by Viacom, became part of the newly formed CBS Corporation.

On January 24, 2006, CBS Corporation and Time Warner's Warner Bros. Entertainment (the division that operated The WB) announced that they would dissolve UPN and The WB, and move some of their programming to a newly created network, The CW.[82] KMAX, as a CBS-owned UPN station, was tapped to become the market's affiliate of the new network through an 11-station affiliation deal, and became a charter affiliate of The CW on September 18, 2006. The station changed its on-air branding from "UPN 31" to "CW31" one month before The CW's September 18 launch to reflect this. When affiliated with the CW, the station aired the Saturday morning educational One Magnificent Morning lineup on a four-hour delay as it instead carried a full Saturday edition of Good Day, and now as an independent with programming purchased from syndication, that obligation is filled with programming early in the morning and an hour after Good Day.

CBS Corporation merged with Viacom for the second time on December 4, 2019, creating ViacomCBS (now known as Paramount Global).[83]

On October 3, 2022, Nexstar Media Group acquired majority ownership of The CW.[84] Under the agreement, CBS was given the right to pull its affiliations from KMAX and its seven other CW stations. On May 5, 2023, CBS announced that it would exercise that right, with KMAX-TV ceasing to air the network's programming at the end of August and reverting to an independent station;[85] the CW affiliation moved to KQCA.[86]

Since 2019, KMAX has broadcast all Sacramento State Hornets football home games;[87] in 2024, the station aired a Hornets road game at Fresno State.[88]

  • KMAX's first "UPN 31" logo, used from 1998 to 2002
    KMAX's first "UPN 31" logo, used from 1998 to 2002
  • KMAX logo used from July 2006 to August 2023
    KMAX logo used from July 2006 to August 2023

Local programming

[edit]

Good Day

[edit]

On August 14, 1995, while owned by Pappas, KPWB-TV debuted The Morning Show, a three-hour blend of news, features, and traffic and weather information designed to provide local competition to the national morning newscasts.[64] After eight months on the air, The Morning Show was renamed Good Day Sacramento to emphasize its local content.[89] By early 1998, it had tripled its market share to become the second-highest-rated morning program on Sacramento television, behind NBC's Today.[90]

News operation

[edit]
Further information: KOVR § News operation
KMAX-TV's Julissa Ortiz setting up to report

KMAX-TV presently broadcasts 45+1⁄2 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with 7+1⁄2 hours each weekday and four hours each on Saturdays and Sundays). Combined with sister station KOVR, it has the highest local newscast output among Sacramento's broadcast television stations, producing 84+1⁄2 hours of local newscasts. The station's morning newscast Good Day (which debuted in 1995 as The Morning Show, then later as Good Day Sacramento), consistently ranks as the Sacramento area's second highest-rated morning news program—among both local or network shows—behind Today on NBC affiliate KCRA-TV (channel 3). The station has also maintained a nightly newscast since the 1980s, titled Prime News, then later 31 News. In its days as an independent, the newscast aired in the 9 p.m. hour, until the station affiliated with The WB in 1995, at which its newscast moved to 10 p.m. to accommodate The WB's prime time schedule from 8 to 10 pm, thereby putting it in direct competition with newscasts on KTXL, a KCRA-produced newscast on KQCA (at the time, under a local marketing agreement), and, later, KOVR (under different ownership at the time) when the station switched its affiliation from ABC to CBS in March 1995. In 1996, the station adopted the Action News format (the second station in the market to do so since KOVR in the 1970s), branding as 31 Action News, and also adding an 11:30 a.m. midday newscast. When channel 31 became a UPN owned-and-operated station in early 1998, it slightly changed its branding to UPN 31 Action News and moved its newscast back to 9 pm, while the station adopted an early prime schedule for UPN programming from 7 to 9 p.m. (a practice similar to now-sister station KOVR that continues to this day, but from 7 to 10 pm); however, the scheduling was short-lived, and the nightly newscast was cancelled later that year due to low ratings, ending evening newscasts altogether for the first time. The midday edition of UPN 31 Action News continued to air until 2000, when it was also cancelled, leaving Good Day as the only news program at the time.

After Viacom's acquisition of KOVR, KMAX's news department was merged with KOVR, with reporters appearing on both stations and the Good Day Sacramento set being relocated into the KOVR studio facility. While it did hinder both stations at the time, KOVR and KMAX each produced a weekday morning news block from 5 to 7 am, though KMAX's morning newscast starts at 4:30 and ends at 11 a.m. (in 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, KOVR dropped its own 5 to 7 a.m. newscast in favor of simulcasting Good Day). The station expanded its news programming in 2003 with a non-traditional late evening newscast called Good Evening Sacramento, this program was cancelled the following year.

On January 11, 2008, KOVR/KMAX management announced on a viewer blog[91] that KOVR would begin producing a prime time newscast on KMAX-TV. However, owing to cutbacks ordered by CBS corporate management, plans for this broadcast were shelved in late summer 2008. On June 1, 2009, KMAX-TV began broadcasting Good Day Sacramento in high definition; footage shot in-studio is broadcast in high definition, while all news video from on-remote locations was initially broadcast in standard definition. Both KMAX-TV and KOVR currently use high-definition cameras for field reports, and most (if not all) vehicles transmit back high-definition video.

On June 4, 2012, KMAX-TV debuted a half-hour weeknight newscast produced by KOVR at 11 pm, becoming the station's first traditional evening newscast in over a decade since the 1998 cancellation of its earlier prime time newscast; unlike most CW affiliates, the program broadcasts in the traditional late evening news timeslot of 11 pm, due to KOVR's hour-long newscast at 10 pm. On March 14, 2016, KMAX-TV added a half-hour weeknight KOVR-produced newscast at 6:30 p.m. to compete with KCRA's long-established 6:30 p.m. newscast. These newscasts, along with Good Day, are translated into Spanish via the station's SAP audio feed. On July 30, 2018, the 11 p.m. newscast was relocated to KOVR, leaving its 6:30 p.m. newscast as the only evening newscast. On September 27, 2021, the 6:30 p.m. newscast was relocated to KOVR an hour earlier at 5:30 p.m. (as part of an hour-long 5 p.m. newscast), competing with KTXL and ending that station's status as the only local newscast in the 5:30 p.m. timeslot. The change marked the end of evening newscasts altogether on KMAX for the second time in the station's history and Good Day would become the station's only news program once again for almost two years.

After sister station KOVR purchased the "CBS 13 Mobile Weather Lab" and "Mobile13" mobile news vehicles in 2014, the station acquired a "Rover" mobile news vehicle in 2015. The "Good Day Rover" and "Mobile13" use a roof mounted robotic camera, various interior cameras, microphones, and a "LIVEU" mobile video broadcast system to transmit live video via mobile broadband connections. Good Day uses the Rover in the early hours of the morning to cover traffic and spot news.

In 2022, along with KOVR, Good Day from 4:30 to 7 a.m. weekday mornings was rebranded as CBS 13 Mornings (in reference to the national CBS Mornings program), with Good Day continuing to maintain its morning news program from 7 to 11 a.m. seven days a week.

On September 1, 2023, coinciding its return as an independent station, KMAX brought back evening news to its programming by debuting an hour-long 8 pm. KOVR-produced newscast, Primetime Sacramento, on weeknights. It is the first regularly scheduled 8 p.m. newscast to air in the Sacramento television market. Other stations in the market had newscasts air occasionally at 8 pm, but it was only after broadcasting certain programming, such as sports-related programming. Currently, KMAX does not air evening newscasts on the weekends.

Notable former on-air staff

[edit]

Technical information

[edit]

Subchannels

[edit]

The station's signal is multiplexed:

Subchannels of KMAX-TV[92]
Channel Res. Aspect Short name Programming
31.1 1080i 16:9 KMAX-DT Independent
31.2 480i NOSEY Nosey
31.3 QVC1 QVC
31.4 QVC2 QVC2
31.5 Movies Movies!
31.6 MeToons MeTV Toons
33.2 TLMD33 Telemundo (KCSO-LD)
  Simulcast of subchannels of another station

In April 2022, KMAX-TV picked up the widescreen standard-definition simulcast of Telemundo outlet KCSO-LD (channel 33) from Ion Television outlet KSPX-TV (channel 29, which dropped the simulcast in October 2021) on a new digital subchannel displayed as channel 33.2 to reach the entire Sacramento television market due to KCSO-LD's low-power status.

Analog-to-digital conversion

[edit]

KMAX-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 31, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television.[93] The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 21,[94] using virtual channel 31.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The call sign had a history with Koplar before and after channel 31. The station was named for Ted J. Koplar's older brother, Robert Bernard Koplar, who died in 1976.[26] The KRBK designation had originally been proposed for a station Koplar planned to build in Des Moines, Iowa, in 1979.[27]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "FCC History Cards for KMAX-TV". Federal Communications Commission.
  2. ^ "Facility Technical Data for KMAX-TV". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
  3. ^ "Second Sacramento UHF TV Application Is Made". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. July 20, 1966. p. F6. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ^ "Court Fight Looms Over Capital UHF Channel". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. January 27, 1968. p. B7. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. ^ "FCC Okays New UHF Station For Sacramento". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. July 12, 1968. p. D3. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  6. ^ "New Television Entrant: Channel 15 Studio And Tower Will Be Ready This Summer". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. January 23, 1972. p. E8. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ^ "Another TV Station: Channel 15 Will Open Next Year". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. May 15, 1971. p. A6. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  8. ^ "FCC Eliminates Channel 15, Assigns KMUV To Channel 31". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. September 17, 1972. p. B2. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ "Channel 31 Gets Final FCC Permit". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. March 20, 1973. p. B3. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ "KMUV Leases Land For TV Studio, Offices". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. April 29, 1973. p. C2. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  11. ^ Hurst, John V. (September 21, 1974). "Local News On 40 For Sleepyheads". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. p. A13. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. ^ "Capital's Newest TV Station, Ch. 31, Will Go On Air Officially Tomorrow". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. October 4, 1974. p. 19. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  13. ^ Hickey, Lillian (September 8, 1974). "At Last: Networks Introduce New Fall TV Shows". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. pp. TV 3, 38. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  14. ^ "FCC Will Probe Forgery Charge In TV Dispute". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. August 13, 1974. p. A1. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ Hooker, Barbara (October 16, 1976). "Shutdown Possible: TV-40 Is Denied License Renewal". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. pp. A1, A6. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ^ "Sacramento TV survives renewal challenge: FCC overturns ALJ decision that would have denied KTXL on grounds of misrepresentation". Broadcasting. June 26, 1978. pp. 64–65. ProQuest 1016899619.
  17. ^ Reed, Ann (April 15, 1976). "Channel 31 Tells Plan For Non-English Format". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. p. B3. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ^ "Channel 31 Changes". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. May 4, 1976. p. C4. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  19. ^ "More TV Shows For Non-English Viewers". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. June 13, 1976. p. F10. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  20. ^ "KMUV-31 Adds 2 New Local Shows". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. February 6, 1977. p. F9. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ^ Gribkoff, Maloa (September 16, 1979). "Culinary Miracles—Bettie Knows 'Em". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. p. H11. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. ^ "Canadian investors out to establish pay TV network in United States". Broadcasting. May 22, 1978. p. 32. ProQuest 1016906369.
  23. ^ "KMUV-TV Sale For STV Gets FCC Nod". Variety. July 16, 1980. p. 60. ProQuest 1505804434.
  24. ^ "Perenchio, Tandem Pay $8,000,000 For Third STV Station". Variety. February 6, 1980. pp. 45, 106. ProQuest 1286035767.
  25. ^ "Changing Hands". Broadcasting. November 3, 1980. p. 66. ProQuest 1014717249.
  26. ^ Archibald, John J. (April 14, 1989). "Set to Celebrate: Channel 11 comes full circle for 30th birthday". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri. pp. F1, F8. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ^ Brooker, Barbara (April 17, 1979). "Firm moves to established independent TV station". The Des Moines Register. Des Moines, Iowa. p. 2B. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ^ Williams, George (April 6, 1981). "Gather 'Round, All You Kiddieroonies". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. p. B10. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ^ Williams, George (September 11, 1981). "A Double Success At Channel 31". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. p. AA3. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ^ Michelson, Herb (February 13, 1982). "Channel 31, Patient In An Impatient Business". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. p. B4. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ^ Hurst, John V. (September 27, 1982). "KRBK: Small But Growing". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. p. B5. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ^ "County OKs 'antenna farm' to limit TV stations' tower power". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. October 9, 1984. p. B5. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. ^ a b "New general manager at KRBK". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. February 23, 1985. p. A15. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  34. ^ Wisehart, Bob (July 25, 1985). "For-sale sign sprouts at KTXL". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, California. p. Scene 4. Retrieved September 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
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