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Jama'at al-Tawhid wa al-Jihad

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Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
(Congregation of Monotheism and Jihad)
جماعة التوحيد والجهاد
FounderAbu Musab al-Zarqawi †
LeadersAbu Musab al-Zarqawi †
Abu Anas al-Shami †
Omar Husayn Hadid al-Muhammadi †
Dates of operation1999[1]–17 October 2004[2]
HeadquartersFallujah
Active regionsIraq, limited in Jordan
Ideology
Allies Ansar al-Islam (associate)[9][10]
Islamic Army of Iraq (sometimes)
Ansar al-Sunnah (sometimes)
Jaish al-Rashideen (sometimes)
Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance (sometimes)
Jeish Muhammad (sometimes)
Opponents Multi-National Force – Iraq
Coalition Provisional Authority
 United States
 Jordan
 Iran
 Turkey
 Japan[11]
 United Nations
Battles and warsIraqi insurgency
Designated as a terrorist group by
Succeeded by
Al-Qaeda in Iraq
Part of a series on the
History of the Islamic State

Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999‑2004)

Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004‑2006)

Jama'at Jaysh Ahl al-Sunnah wa-l-Jama'ah (2004‑2006)

Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah (2004‑2006)

Mujahideen Shura Council (2006)

Islamic State of Iraq (2006‑2013)

Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
(2013‑2014)

Islamic State (2014‑present)
By topic
Category

Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (Arabic: جماعة التوحيد والجهاد, lit. 'Congregation of Monotheism and Jihad'), abbreviated as JTJ or Jama'at, was a Salafi jihadist militant group.[15] It was founded in Jordan in 1999, and was led by Jordanian national Abu Musab al-Zarqawi for the entirety of its existence. During the Iraqi insurgency (2003–11), the group became a decentralized network with foreign fighters[16] with a considerable Iraqi membership.[9][1]

On 17 October 2004, al-Zarqawi pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network, and the group became known as Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (commonly known as al-Qaeda in Iraq or Tanzim).[2][17] After several mergers with other groups and the formation of the Mujahideen Shura Council, it changed its name several times until it called itself Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) in 2006.

Origins

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Jihadism
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Abu Musab al-Zarqawi was a Jordanian Jihadist who traveled to Afghanistan to fight within the Soviet–Afghan War, but arrived after the departure of the Soviet troops, and soon returned to his homeland. He eventually returned to Afghanistan, where he ran an Islamic militant training camp near Herat.[18]

A report released by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy in mid-2014 describes al-Zarqawi, in association with other Jordanians and Sunni Jihadist militants, as starting JTJ in 1999 with its training camp in Herat, and with "a small amount of seed money" from bin Laden "which continued until 9/11".[1]

Ideology and motivation

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Al-Zarqawi's interpretation of Islamic takfir—accusing other Muslims of heresy and thereby justifying his killing—was extreme, which caused friction between him and bin Laden.[1]

Al-Zarqawi's political motives included what he considered the British Mandate for Palestine as a "gift to the Jews so they can rape the land and humiliate our people",[19] the United Nation's support for American "oppressors of Iraq",[19] and the "humiliation [of] our [Muslim] nation".[20]

History

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In Jordan (1999–2001)

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Al-Zarqawi started JTJ with the intention of overthrowing the 'apostate' Kingdom of Jordan,[1] which he considered to be un-Islamic. After toppling Jordan's monarchy, presumably he would turn to the rest of the Levant.[1]

For these purposes he developed numerous contacts and affiliates in several countries. His network may have been involved in the late 1999 plot to bomb the Millennium celebrations in the United States and Jordan.[21]

In Jordan and Iraq (2001–2002)

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A pair of armed anti-American insurgents in Iraq in 2006

Following the 2001 US-led invasion of Afghanistan, al-Zarqawi moved to Iraq, where he reportedly received medical treatment in Baghdad for an injured leg.

Al-Zarqawi was in Baghdad from May until late November 2002, when he traveled to Iran and northeastern Iraq.[22] The United States 2006 Senate Report on Pre-war Intelligence on Iraq concluded: "Postwar information indicates that Saddam Hussein attempted, unsuccessfully, to locate and capture al-Zarqawi and that the regime did not have a relationship with, harbor, or turn a blind eye toward al-Zarqawi."[22]

Al-Zarqawi and his operatives are held responsible by the United States for the assassination of US diplomat Laurence Foley in Jordan in October 2002.[23]

Involvement in the Iraq War (2003–2004)

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Following the US invasion of Iraq and the ensuing insurgency, Jama'at became a decentralized militant network fighting against the coalition forces and their Iraqi allies. Jama'at included a growing number of foreign fighters[16][10] and a considerable Iraqi membership, including remnants of Ansar al-Islam.[9][10]

Many foreign fighters arriving in Iraq were not initially associated with Jama'at, but once they were in the country they became dependent on al-Zarqawi's local contacts.[10]

Jama'at's tactics included suicide bombings, often using car bombs, kidnappings, the planting of improvised explosive devices, attacks using rocket-propelled grenades, small arms and mortars, and beheading Iraqi and foreign hostages and distributing video recordings of these acts on the Internet.

The group targeted Iraqi security forces and those assisting the occupation, Iraqi interim officials, Iraqi Shia and Kurdish political and religious figures and institutions, Shia civilians, foreign civilian contractors, United Nations and humanitarian workers, and also Sunni Muslim civilians.[1][10]

Pledge of allegiance to al-Qaeda

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On 17 October 2004, al-Zarqawi pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network, and the group became known as Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (commonly known as al-Qaeda in Iraq).[2][24][25][17] Al-Zarqawi died in a US targeted airstrike in June 2006 on an isolated safe house north of Baghdad at 6:15 p.m. local time.

Activities

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See also: Iraq § 2003–2007

Attacks

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The UN headquarters building in Baghdad after the Canal Hotel bombing, on 22 August 2003
Car bombings were a common form of attack in Iraq during the Coalition occupation

After the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq and the establishment of a governing Provisional Authority, an insurgency quickly emerged. Dozens of insurgent attacks were claimed by, or attributed to, JTJ in the following months:

Inciting sectarian violence

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Alleged sectarian attacks by the organization included the Imam Ali Mosque bombing in 2003 and the 2004 Day of Ashura bombings (Ashoura massacre) and Karbala and Najaf bombings in 2004. These were precursors to a more widespread campaign of sectarian violence after the organization transitioned to become al-Qaida in Iraq,[4][34] with Al-Zarqawi purportedly declaring an all-out war on Shias,[6][35] while claiming responsibility for the Shia mosque bombings.[36]

Beheading/killing non-Iraqi hostages

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  • May 7, 2004: Nick Berg, American civilian beheaded. A video of the killing was published on the Internet; the CIA said it was likely that Abu Musab al-Zarqawi personally had wielded the knife[8][37]
  • June 22, 2004: Kim Sun-il, South Korean civilian, executed by beheading.
  • July 8, 2004: Georgi Lazov and Ivaylo Kepov, Bulgarian civilians beheaded[38]
  • August 2, 2004: Murat Yuce, Turkish civilian shot dead, by Abu Ayyub al-Masri.[8]
  • September 13, 2004: Durmus Kumdereli, Turkish civilian beheaded[8]
  • September 20, 2004: Eugene Armstrong, American civilian beheaded. Presumably claimed by Zarqawi and his men.[8] Some sources claimed it was done by Al-Zarqawi personally.[39] It was shown in Fitna, a LiveLeak film in 2008.
  • September 21, 2004: Jack Hensley, American civilian beheaded. Presumably by Zarqawi and his men.[8]
  • October 7, 2004: Kenneth Bigley, British civilian beheaded. Presumably by Zarqawi and his men.[8]
  • October 29, 2004: Shosei Koda, Japanese civilian beheaded. An Islamist website that was used by al-Zarqawi's group had posted video of Koda shortly after the abduction.[11]

The Turkish translator Aytullah Gezmen was also abducted by Jama'at, but released after "repenting."[40]

U.S. fighting Jama'at

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In September 2004, the U.S. conducted many airstrikes targeting Al-Zarqawi, calling the hunt for Al-Zarqawi its "highest priority".[41]

Legacy

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U.S. soldiers in Fallujah in November 2004 pursuing Al-Zarqawi's network

The group pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network in a letter in October 2004 and changed its name to Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn.[2][24][25]

That same month, the group, now popularly referred to as al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), kidnapped and killed Japanese citizen Shosei Koda. In November, al-Zarqawi's network was the main target of the US Operation Phantom Fury in Fallujah, but its leadership managed to escape the American siege and subsequent storming of the city.

The Lebanese-Palestinian militant group Fatah al-Islam, which was defeated by Lebanese government forces during the 2007 Lebanon conflict, was linked to AQI and led by al-Zarqawi's former companion Mustafa Ramadan Darwish who had fought alongside him in Iraq.[42]

The group may have been linked to the little-known group called "Tawhid and Jihad in Syria",[43] and may have influenced the Palestinian resistance group in Gaza called Tawhid and Jihad Brigades.[44]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g "The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement" (PDF). Washington Institute for Near East Policy. June 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015. (pages 1-2)
  2. ^ a b c d Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi, translated by Jeffrey Pool (18 October 2004). "Zarqawi's pledge of allegiance to al-Qaeda: From Mu'Asker Al-Battar, Issue 21". Jamestown. Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Hassan Hassan (13 June 2016). "The Sectarianism of the Islamic State: Ideological Roots and Political Context". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  4. ^ a b c Atwan, Abdel Bari (20 March 2006). "Al Qaeda's hand in tipping Iraq toward civil war". The Christian Science Monitor.
  5. ^ a b c d "The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement" (PDF). Washington Institute for Near East Policy. June 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  6. ^ a b "Al-Zarqawi declares war on Iraqi Shia". Al Jazeera. September 14, 2005. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
  7. ^ "Al-Qaeda in Iraq – "Knights Of Martyrdom 8"". Jih@d (in German). 2010-11-21. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Fast facts about Abu Musab al-Zarqawi". Fox News. June 8, 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
  9. ^ a b c d "Guide: Armed groups in Iraq". BBC. August 15, 2006. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Gambill, Gary (16 December 2004). "Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi: A Biographical Sketch". Terrorism Monitor. 2 (24): The Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  11. ^ a b "Beheaded Japanese to be flown home." CNN. November 1, 2004. Retrieved on 25 October 2015.
  12. ^ "List of terrorist and extremist organizations banned in Kyrgyzstan". 5 April 2017.
  13. ^ http://www.moha.gov.my/images/maklumat_bahagian/KK/kdndomestic.pdf Archived 2021-09-01 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL PDF]
  14. ^ Единый федеральный список организаций, в том числе иностранных и международных организаций, признанных в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации террористическими (in Russian). 2 December 2023. Archived from the original on 14 May 2024.
  15. ^ Hashim, Ahmed S. (December 2014). "From Al-Qaida Affiliate to the Rise of the Islamic Caliphate: The Evolution of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria" (PDF). S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. Nanyang Technological University: 1–16. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
  16. ^ a b Peter Grier, Faye Bowers (May 14, 2004). "Iraq's bin Laden? Zarqawi's rise". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
  17. ^ a b Gordon Corera (16 December 2004). "Unraveling Zarqawi's al-Qaeda connection". Jamestown. Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  18. ^ Hashim, Ahmed S. (December 2014). "From Al-Qaida Affiliate to the Rise of the Islamic Caliphate: The Evolution of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria" (PDF). S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. Nanyang Technological University: 1–16. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
  19. ^ a b c 'The Insurgency'. Transcript from a TV program of FRONTLINE from 21 February 2006. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  20. ^ a b "Al-Qaeda group claims Salim death". BBC News. 19 May 2004. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
  21. ^ Whitlock, Craig (June 8, 2006). "Al-Zarqawi's Biography". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 27, 2015.
  22. ^ a b "Senate Select Committee on Intelligence on Postwar Findings About Iraq's WMD Programs and Links to Terrorism and How They Compare with Prewar Assessments. 109th Congress, 2nd Session" (PDF). Senate Report on Pre-war Intelligence on Iraq. 8 September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 15, 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.(See III.G, Conclusions 5 and 6, p.109.)
  23. ^ Richard Boucher (15 October 2004). "Foreign Terrorist Organization: Designation of Jama'at al-Tawhid wa'al-Jihad and Aliases". United States Department of State. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  24. ^ a b "Zarqawi pledges allegiance to Osama". Dawn. Agence France-Presse. 18 October 2004. Archived from the original on 29 December 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2007.
  25. ^ a b "Al-Zarqawi group vows allegiance to bin Laden". NBC News. Associated Press. October 18, 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
  26. ^ Benson, Pam (April 7, 2004). "CIA: Zarqawi tape 'probably authentic'". CNN. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  27. ^ Emily Hunt (November 15, 2005). "Zarqawi's 'Total War' on Iraqi Shiites Exposes a Divide among Sunni Jihadists". Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  28. ^ "Who Is Abu Zarqawi?". CBS News. May 18, 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
  29. ^ "Car bomb kills 35 in Baghdad". CNN. June 17, 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
  30. ^ "Leaders condemn Iraq church bombs". BBC News. 2004-08-02. Archived from the original on January 5, 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  31. ^ Peter Cave (September 14, 2004). "Car bomb kills dozens in Baghdad". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on December 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
  32. ^ "Iraq: 2004 overview". The Knowledge Base. Archived from the original on August 27, 2007. Retrieved July 13, 2007.
  33. ^ Aloul, Sahar (19 December 2005). "Zarqawi handed second death penalty in Jordan". The Inquirer. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 29 October 2007.
  34. ^ "Al Qaeda leader in Iraq 'killed by insurgents'". ABC News. 1 May 2007.
  35. ^ "Another wave of bombings hit Iraq". International Herald Tribune. 15 September 2005. Archived from the original on 28 October 2007.
  36. ^ Tavernise, Sabrina (17 September 2005). "20 die as insurgents in Iraq target Shiites". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 January 2008.
  37. ^ "World | Middle East | 'Zarqawi' beheaded US man in Iraq". BBC News. May 13, 2004. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  38. ^ "Turkish hostage shot to death in Iraq". China Daily. August 3, 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
  39. ^ ‘Video: American Hostage Eugene Armstrong Beheaded’. Weblog ‘Outside the Beltway’, 20 September 2004. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  40. ^ "Turkish Hostage Freed In Iraq". www.cbsnews.com. 15 September 2004. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  41. ^ Brian Ross (September 24, 2004). "Tracking Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi". ABC News. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
  42. ^ "Fatah Islam: Obscure group emerges as Lebanon's newest security threat". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 20 May 2007. Archived from the original on 25 May 2007.
  43. ^ "Al-Qaida inspired militant group calls on Syrians to kill country's president". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 28 May 2007. Archived from the original on 1 June 2007. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
  44. ^ "Palestine: Reporter is dead, claims terror group". The Straits Times. 17 April 2007. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
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