Quebec East

Quebec East
Quebec electoral district
Defunct federal electoral district
Legislature	House of Commons
District created	1867
District abolished	2003
First contested	1867
Last contested	2000

Quebec East (also known as Québec-Est and Québec East) was a federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 2004.

While its boundaries changed over the decades, it was essentially made up of the eastern part of Quebec City and was largely of working class composition. It was created in 1867. It was renamed "Québec-Est" in 1966, and "Québec East" in 1996. It was abolished through redistribution 2003 into the ridings of Québec, Louis-Saint-Laurent, and Beauport.

From 1877 to 1958, the riding was represented by only three Members of Parliament (MPs): Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier (1877–1919), senior Cabinet member Ernest Lapointe (1919–1941) and Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent (1942–1958). With Laurier serving as prime minister from 1896 until 1911, and St. Laurent doing likewise from 1948 until 1957, Quebec East became one of two districts to be represented by two sitting prime ministers; the only other to date is Prince Albert.

Members of Parliament

This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Parliament	Years		Party
Quebec East
1st	1867–1870	Pierre Gabriel Huot	Liberal
1st	1870–1872	Adolphe Guillet dit Tourangeau	Conservative
2nd	1872–1874	Adolphe Guillet dit Tourangeau	Conservative
3rd	1874–1877	Isidore Thibaudeau	Liberal
3rd	1877–1878	Wilfrid Laurier
4th	1878–1882
5th	1882–1887
6th	1887–1891
7th	1891–1896
8th	1896–1896
8th	1896–1900
9th	1900–1904
10th	1904–1908
11th	1908–1911
12th	1911–1917
13th	1917–1919		Opposition (Laurier Liberals)
13th	1919–1921	Ernest Lapointe	Opposition (Laurier Liberals)
14th	1921–1922		Liberal
14th	1922–1925
15th	1925–1926
16th	1926–1926
16th	1926–1930
17th	1930–1935
18th	1935–1940
19th	1940–1941
19th	1942–1945	Louis St. Laurent
20th	1945–1949
21st	1949–1953
22nd	1953–1957
23rd	1957–1958
24th	1958–1962	Yvon Tassé	Progressive Conservative
25th	1962–1963	Jean Robert Beaulé	Social Credit
26th	1963–1963		Social Credit
26th	1963–1965		Ralliement créditiste
27th	1965–1968	Gérard Duquet	Liberal
Québec-Est
28th	1968–1972	Gérard Duquet	Liberal
29th	1972–1974
30th	1974–1979
31st	1979–1980
32nd	1980–1984
33rd	1984–1988	Marcel Tremblay	Progressive Conservative
34th	1988–1993	Marcel Tremblay	Progressive Conservative
35th	1993–1997	Jean-Paul Marchand	Bloc Québécois
Québec East
36th	1997–2000	Jean-Paul Marchand	Bloc Québécois
37th	2000–2001	Jean-Guy Carignan	Liberal
	2001–2003		Independent
	2003–2003		Liberal
	2003–2004		Independent
Riding dissolved into Québec, Louis-Saint-Laurent and Beauport

Election results

Quebec East

1867 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Pierre Huot	acclaimed
Source: Canadian Elections Database^[1]

Party		Candidate	Votes
By-election on 18 July 1870 Huot was appointed Postmaster of Quebec, May 1870
	Conservative	Adolphe Guillet dit Tourangeau	1,092
	Unknown	P.A. Valin	915

1872 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Conservative	Adolphe Guillet dit Tourangeau	acclaimed
Source: Canadian Elections Database^[2]

v t e 1874 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Isidore Thibaudeau	acclaimed
Source: lop.parl.ca

v t e Canadian federal by-election, November 11, 1877 Federal Ministerial by-election for Laurier's appointed as Minister of Inland Revenue and Isidore Thibaudeau resignation on November 7, 1877
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	Elected
	Liberal	Wilfrid Laurier	1,863	54.62	Y
	Conservative	Adolphe Guillet dit Tourangeau	1,548	45.38
Total valid votes			3,411	100.00
Source(s) "Quebec East, Quebec (1867-08-06 - 1968-04-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved 24 March 2020. Federal Ministerial by-election, November 11, 1877: Quebec East, Quebec on Wilfrid Laurier's appointment as Minister of Inland Revenue, October 8, 1877

v t e 1878 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	Elected
	Liberal	Wilfrid Laurier	1,946	62.49	Y
	Unknown	Phi. Vallières	1,168	37.51
Total valid votes			3,114	100.00
Source(s) "Quebec East, Quebec (1867-08-06 - 1968-04-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

v t e 1882 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	Elected
	Liberal	Wilfrid Laurier	1,750	57.70	Y
	Unknown	J. P. Rhéaume	1,283	42.30
Total valid votes			3,033	100.00
Source(s) "Quebec East, Quebec (1867-08-06 - 1968-04-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

v t e 1887 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	Elected
	Liberal	Wilfrid Laurier	2,622	79.05	Y
	Conservative	F. X. Drouin	695	20.95
Total valid votes			3,317	100.00
Source(s) "Quebec East, Quebec (1867-08-06 - 1968-04-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

v t e 1891 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	Elected
	Liberal	Wilfrid Laurier	acclaimed	Y
Total valid votes			-	-
Source(s) "Quebec East, Quebec (1867-08-06 - 1968-04-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

v t e 1896 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	Elected
	Liberal	Wilfrid Laurier	3,202	76.00	Y
	Conservative	Cléophas Leclerc	1,011	24.00
Total valid votes			4,213	100.00
Source(s) "Quebec East, Quebec (1867-08-06 - 1968-04-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

v t e Canadian federal by-election, July 30, 1896 Federal Ministerial by-election for Laurier's being made Prime Minister on July 11, 1896
Party	Candidate	Votes	Elected
	Liberal	Wilfrid Laurier	acclaimed	Y
Total valid votes			-	-
Source(s) "Quebec East, Quebec (1867-08-06 - 1968-04-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

v t e 1900 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	Elected
	Liberal	Wilfrid Laurier	3,598	81.33	Y
	Conservative	Joseph-Eugène Chapleau	826	18.67
Total valid votes			4,424	100.00
Source(s) "Quebec East, Quebec (1867-08-06 - 1968-04-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

v t e 1904 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	Elected
	Liberal	Wilfrid Laurier	3,524	71.35	Y
	Conservative	Michel Fiset	1,415	28.65
Total valid votes			4,939	100.00
Source(s) "Quebec East, Quebec (1867-08-06 - 1968-04-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

v t e 1908 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	Elected
	Liberal	Wilfrid Laurier	3,764	70.83	Y
	Conservative	Michel Fiset	1,550	29.17
Total valid votes			5,314	100.00
Source(s) "Quebec East, Quebec (1867-08-06 - 1968-04-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

v t e 1911 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	Elected
	Liberal	Wilfrid Laurier	acclaimed	Y
Total valid votes			-	-
Source(s) "Quebec East, Quebec (1867-08-06 - 1968-04-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

v t e 1917 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes	%	Elected
	Opposition (Laurier Liberals)	Wilfrid Laurier	6,957	92.53	Y
	Government (Unionist)	Ferdinand Omer Drouin	562	7.47
Total valid votes			7,519	100.00
Source(s) "Quebec East, Quebec (1867-08-06 - 1968-04-22)". History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Library of Parliament. Retrieved 24 March 2020.

Party		Candidate	Votes
By-election on 27 October 1919 On Laurier's death, 17 February 1919
	Opposition (Laurier Liberals)	Ernest Lapointe	6,222
	Parti nationaliste	François-Xavier Galibois	2,283

v t e 1921 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Ernest Lapointe	9,005
	Conservative	Rodolphe-Alfred Drapeau	1,424

Party		Candidate	Votes
By-election on 19 January 1922 On Lapointe's acceptance of an office of emolument under the Crown, 3 January 1922
	Liberal	Ernest Lapointe	acclaimed

v t e 1925 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Ernest Lapointe	9,193
	Conservative	Pierre Audet	6,366

v t e 1926 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Ernest Lapointe	9,370
	Conservative	Pierre Audet	6,438

Party		Candidate	Votes
By-election on 2 November 1926 On Lapointe's acceptance of an office of emolument under the Crown, 5 October 1926
	Liberal	Ernest Lapointe	acclaimed

v t e 1930 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Ernest Lapointe	11,822
	Conservative	Alleyn Taschereau	9,642

v t e 1935 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Ernest Lapointe	15,557
	Conservative	Edgar Champoux	9,611

v t e 1940 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Ernest Lapointe	17,914
	Independent Nationalist	Paul Bouchard	12,302

Party		Candidate	Votes
By-election on 9 February 1942 On Lapointe's death, 26 November 1941
	Liberal	Louis St. Laurent	16,708
	Canadian Party	Paul Bouchard	12,768

v t e 1945 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Louis St. Laurent	17,965
	Independent	Noël Dorion	7,197
	Social Credit	Gérard Mercier	2,816
	Bloc populaire	Joseph-Norbert-Jules Thérien	1,463
	Independent	Paul-Émile Latouche	280
	Co-operative Commonwealth	François-Xavier Perron	231
	Labor–Progressive	Joseph-Gaudias De Croiselles	109

v t e 1949 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Louis St. Laurent	25,832
	Progressive Conservative	Mark Robert Drouin	7,876
	Union des électeurs	Alphonse Tousignant	1,395

ॗ

v t e 1953 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Louis St. Laurent	25,945
	Progressive Conservative	Raymond Maher	5,841
	Labor–Progressive	Gérard Fortin	438
	Locataire	Louis Seigneur	417
	Anti-Communist	Patrick Walsh	333

v t e 1957 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Louis St. Laurent	27,364
	Progressive Conservative	Louis Gagnon	9,900
	Social Credit	Roland Roy	739

v t e 1958 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Progressive Conservative	Yvon Tassé	22,285
	Liberal	Maurice Lamontagne	21,649
	Social Credit	Jean-Louis Hudon	1,104

v t e 1962 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Social Credit	Jean Robert Beaulé	22,446
	Liberal	Maurice Lamontagne	13,747
	Progressive Conservative	Yvon Tassé	8,005
	New Democratic	Roméo Bilodeau	703

v t e 1963 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Social Credit	Jean Robert Beaulé	18,661
	Liberal	Albert Parent	16,976
	Progressive Conservative	Gaston Michaud	6,593
	New Democratic	Paul-Henri Dufresne	1,450
	Nationalist	Léo Tremblay	540

v t e 1965 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Gérard Duquet	18,900
	Ralliement créditiste	Jean Robert Beaulé	13,642
	Progressive Conservative	Robert Perron	5,546
	New Democratic	Raymond Bruneau	2,870

Québec-Est

1968 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Gérard Duquet	14,945
	Ralliement créditiste	Robert Robichaud	13,807
	Progressive Conservative	Jacques Perron	4,607
	New Democratic	Yvon Le-Tiec	953

1972 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Gérard Duquet	19,382
	Social Credit	Robert Robichaud	10,926
	Progressive Conservative	Théo Genest	6,152

1974 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Gérard Duquet	19,014
	Social Credit	Robert Robichaud	5,442
	Progressive Conservative	Médéric Robichaud	5,060
	New Democratic	Raymond Laliberté	2,522
	Marxist–Leninist	Francine Tremblay	210

1979 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Gérard Duquet	28,365
	Social Credit	Rolland Savard	7,778
	Progressive Conservative	J. Wilfrid Dufresne	3,128
	New Democratic	Benoit Carrier	2,147
	Rhinoceros	Michel Fafard	1,307
	Union populaire	Antoine Makdissi	231
	Marxist–Leninist	Claude Moreau	142

1980 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Gérard Duquet	27,546
	New Democratic	Maurice Vaney	3,327
	Progressive Conservative	Guy Charest	2,577
	Social Credit	Roland Savard	1,998
	Rhinoceros	Raymond Patrotrovitch Pollender	1,862
	Union populaire	Paul Fortier	199
	Independent	Hélène Jones	111
	Marxist–Leninist	James Demers	108

1984 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Progressive Conservative	Marcel Tremblay	19,782
	Liberal	Gérard Duquet	14,332
	New Democratic	Michel Leblanc	4,189
	Rhinoceros	Michel Fafard	1,683
	Parti nationaliste	Jean-Louis Bourque	790
	Social Credit	Serge Bérubé	239
	Commonwealth of Canada	Pierre Angers	96

1988 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Progressive Conservative	Marcel Tremblay	29,493
	Liberal	Rémi Bujold	13,732
	New Democratic	Jeanne Lalanne	7,555
	Rhinoceros	Jean-François Lehoux	1,028
	Green	Reine Biron	906
	Independent	Claude Moreau	207

1993 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Bloc Québécois	Jean-Paul Marchand	34,203
	Liberal	Camil Samson	14,003
	Progressive Conservative	Marcel Tremblay	6,505
	Natural Law	Pierre-Paul Paquet	1,059
	New Democratic	Stéphanie Mitchell	938
	Abolitionist	Henri Gagnon	364
	National	Guy Sanfaçon	255

Québec East

1997 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Bloc Québécois	Jean-Paul Marchand	23,245
	Liberal	Remy Poulin	18,539
	Progressive Conservative	Marquis Gagnon	14,533
	Reform	Suzanne Bhérer	1,483
	New Democratic	Cécile Rainville	1,240

2000 Canadian federal election
Party	Candidate	Votes
	Liberal	Jean-Guy Carignan	21,813
	Bloc Québécois	Jean-Paul Marchand	21,166
	Alliance	Robert Martel	8,594
	Progressive Conservative	Richard Joncas	3,727
	New Democratic	Majella Desmeules	1,192

References

^ Sayers, Anthony M. "1867 Federal Election". Canadian Elections Database. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024.
^ Sayers, Anthony M. "1872 Federal Election". Canadian Elections Database. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024.

External links

Riding history from the] Library of Parliament:

http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&rid=581&Include= Quebec East 1867-1966]
Québec-Est 1966-1996
Québec East 1996-present

Parliament of Canada
Preceded by Cape Breton Glengarry	Constituency represented by the Prime Minister 1896–1911 1948–1957	Succeeded by Halifax Prince Albert

[1] Sayers, Anthony M. "1867 Federal Election". Canadian Elections Database. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024.

[2] Sayers, Anthony M. "1872 Federal Election". Canadian Elections Database. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024.

[1]

[2]

v t e Historical federal ridings in Quebec
Until 2015	Ahuntsic Argenteuil—Papineau—Mirabel Beauharnois—Salaberry Bas-Richelieu—Nicolet—Bécancour Brossard—La Prairie Chambly—Borduas Châteauguay—Saint-Constant Gaspésie—Îles-de-la-Madeleine Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia Jeanne-Le Ber Jonquière—Alma LaSalle—Émard Laval Lévis—Bellechasse Lotbinière—Chutes-de-la-Chaudière Longueuil—Pierre-Boucher Montmorency—Charlevoix—Haute-Côte-Nord Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Lachine Roberval—Lac-Saint-Jean Saint-Bruno—Saint-Hubert Saint-Lambert Saint-Laurent—Cartierville Terrebonne—Blainville Vaudreuil-Soulanges Verchères—Les Patriotes Westmount—Ville-Marie
Until 2006	Argenteuil—Mirabel Beauport Charlesbourg Charlevoix—Montmorency Laurier Nunavik—Eeyou Portneuf Richelieu Rivière-du-Loup—Montmagny Roberval
Until 2004	Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik Anjou—Rivière-des-Prairies Argenteuil—Papineau—Mirabel Bas-Richelieu—Nicolet—Bécancour Beauport—Montmorency—Côte-de-Beaupré—Île-d'Orléans Bellechasse—Etchemins—Montmagny—L'Islet Berthier—Montcalm Bonaventure—Gaspé—Îles-de-la-Madeleine—Pabok Chambly Champlain Charlesbourg—Jacques-Cartier Charlevoix Châteauguay Frontenac—Mégantic Hochelaga—Maisonneuve Jonquière Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup—Témiscouata—Les Basques Lac-Saint-Jean—Saguenay Laurentides Laurier—Sainte-Marie Laval Centre Laval East Laval West Lévis-et-Chutes-de-la-Chaudière Longueuil Lotbinière—L'Érable Matapédia—Matane Mercier Papineau—Saint-Denis Pontiac—Gatineau—Labelle Québec East Rimouski—Neigette-et-la Mitis Rosemont—Petite-Patrie Saint-Maurice Témiscamingue Verdun—Saint-Henri—Saint-Paul—Pointe-Saint-Charles
Until 2000	Abitibi Beauport—Montmorency—Orléans Charlesbourg Chicoutimi Lac-Saint-Jean Lévis Lotbinière Richelieu Rimouski—Mitis Rosemont Saint-Eustache—Sainte-Thérèse Verchères Verdun—Saint-Henri
Until 1997	Argenteuil—Papineau Bellechasse Blainville—Deux-Montagnes Bonaventure—Îles-de-la-Madeleine Frontenac Gaspé Gatineau—La Lièvre Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup Lachine—Lac-Saint-Louis La Prairie Mégantic—Compton—Stanstead Notre-Dame-de-Grâce Papineau—Saint-Michel Richmond—Wolfe Rimouski—Témiscouata Saint-Denis Saint-Henri—Westmount Saint-Hubert Saint-Léonard Terrebonne Vaudreuil Verchères Verdun—Saint-Paul
Until 1993	Duvernay Langelier Laval Laval-des-Rapides Montmorency—Orléans Québec-Est Saint-Laurent
Until 1988	Berthier—Maskinongé—Lanaudière Dollard Gamelin Gatineau Labelle Lachine Lasalle Laurier Montreal—Mercier Montreal—Sainte-Marie Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Lachine East Papineau Saint-Jacques Saint-Léonard—Anjou Saint-Michel—Ahuntsic
Until 1984	Argenteuil Berthier—Maskinongé Hull Mercier Missisquoi Notre-Dame-de-Grâce Rimouski Sainte-Marie Saint-Michel
Until 1980	Laprairie Montmorency Richmond Saint-Hyacinthe Verdun
Until 1979	Ahuntsic Argenteuil—Deux-Montagnes Berthier Brome—Missisquoi Compton Hochelaga Kamouraska Lachine—Lakeshore Lafontaine Lapointe Lasalle—Émard—Côte Saint-Paul Laval Maisonneuve—Rosemont Matane Montreal—Bourassa Pontiac Rivière-du-Loup—Témiscouata Sainte-Marie Saint-Henri Trois-Rivières Métropolitain Villeneuve Westmount
Until 1974	Lachine Lasalle
Until 1972	Argenteuil Beauharnois Bonaventure Bourassa Maisonneuve Missisquoi Témiscouata Trois-Rivières
Until 1968	Argenteuil—Deux-Montagnes Beauharnois—Salaberry Berthier—Maskinongé—Delanaudière Brome—Missisquoi Cartier Chambly—Rouville Chapleau Châteauguay—Huntingdon—Laprairie Compton—Frontenac Dorchester Drummond—Arthabaska Îles-de-la-Madeleine Jacques-Cartier—Lasalle Joliette—L'Assomption—Montcalm Matapédia—Matane Maisonneuve—Rosemont Mégantic Montmagny—L'Islet Nicolet—Yamaska Outremont—Saint-Jean Pontiac–Témiscamingue Quebec East Québec—Montmorency Quebec South Quebec West Richelieu—Verchères Richmond—Wolfe Rivière-du-Loup—Témiscouata Saguenay St. Ann Saint-Antoine—Westmount Saint-Hyacinthe—Bagot Saint-Jean—Iberville—Napierville St. Lawrence—St. George Saint-Maurice—Laflèche Stanstead Vaudreuil—Soulanges
Until 1962	Témiscouata
Until 1953	Beauharnois Berthier—Maskinongé Jacques Cartier St. Antoine—Westmount St-Denis St-Henri St. James St. Mary Verdun—La Salle
Until 1949	Argenteuil Beauharnois—Laprairie Charlevoix—Saguenay Châteauguay—Huntingdon Compton Lake St-John—Roberval Laval—Two Mountains Mégantic—Frontenac Outremont Pontiac Quebec West and South St. Denis St. Henry St. Hyacinthe—Bagot St. Johns—Iberville—Napierville St-Maurice—Laflèche Three Rivers Verdun Wright
Until 1935	Bagot Beauharnois Chambly—Verchères Joliette Lake St. John Laprairie—Napierville L'Assomption—Montcalm Laurier—Outremont L'Islet Maisonneuve Matane Mégantic Montmagny Nicolet Quebec West Richelieu St. Antoine St. Henri St. Hyacinthe—Rouville St. Johns—Iberville Three Rivers—St. Maurice Yamaska
Until 1925	Berthier Brome Charlevoix—Montmorency Chicoutimi—Saguenay George-Étienne Cartier Maskinongé Missisquoi Quebec County Town of Sherbrooke Three Rivers and St. Maurice Westmount—St. Henri
Until 1917	Charlevoix Châteauguay Huntingdon L'Assomption Laval Montcalm Montmorency Quebec-Centre Rouville St. Anne St. Hyacinthe St. Lawrence Soulanges Two Mountains Vaudreuil
Before 1900	Chambly Iberville Laprairie Montreal Centre Montreal East Montreal West Napierville County of Ottawa St. John's Saint Maurice Three Rivers Verchères

Members of Parliament

Election results

Quebec East

Québec-Est

Québec East

See also

References

External links