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Campos do Jordão

Coordinates: 22°44′20″S 45°35′27″W / 22.73889°S 45.59083°W / -22.73889; -45.59083
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Campos do Jordão
Municipality
Municipality of Campos do Jordão
From the top and left to right: Aerial view of Capivari neighborhood; Vila Holandesa; Campos do Jodão city gate; Boulevard Geneve; Amantikir School; Djalma Forjaz Street; Amantikir Gardens; Home Green Home Hotel.
From the top and left to right: Aerial view of Capivari neighborhood; Vila Holandesa; Campos do Jodão city gate; Boulevard Geneve; Amantikir School; Djalma Forjaz Street; Amantikir Gardens; Home Green Home Hotel.
Flag of Campos do Jordão
Flag
Official seal of Campos do Jordão
Seal
Nickname: 
Brazilian Switzerland
Location of Campos do Jordão in the state of São Paulo
Location of Campos do Jordão in the state of São Paulo
Campos do Jordão is located in Brazil
Campos do Jordão
Campos do Jordão
Location of Campos do Jordão in Brazil
Coordinates: 22°44′20″S 45°35′27″W / 22.73889°S 45.59083°W / -22.73889; -45.59083
Country Brazil
RegionSoutheast
State São Paulo
Metropolitan RegionVale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte
FoundedApril 29, 1874
Government
 • MayorMarcelo Padovan (PSDB)
Area
 • Total
290.520 km2 (112.170 sq mi)
Elevation
1,628 m (5,341 ft)
Population
 (2020)[1]
 • Total
52,405
 • Density164.76/km2 (426.7/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC-3 (BRT)
Postal Code
12460-000
Area code+55 12
HDI (2010)0.749 – high[2]
Websitewww.camposdojordao.sp.gov.br

Campos do Jordão (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈkɐ̃puz du ʒoʁˈdɐ̃w]) is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in southeastern Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Paraíba e Litoral Norte.[3] The population is 52,405 (2020 est.) in an area of 290.52 square kilometres (112.17 sq mi).[4] The city is situated 1,628 metres (5,341 ft) above sea level and is the highest city in Brazil.[5]

There are numerous outdoor activities for tourists and winter residents. These include hiking, mountain climbing, treetop cable swings (arborismo), horseback riding, and ATV and motorbike riding. July, of winter season vacations, sees an enormous influx of visitors (more than quadrupling the city's population), due in part to the winter festival of classical music.[citation needed]

Its attractions throughout the year include German, Swiss and Italian cuisine restaurants, bars, and a cable car. There are many pousadas (inns) and chalets. Also, in order to cater to the large number of visitors, several bars, lounges, discos and clubs open during the winter months.[citation needed]

Demography

[edit]
  • Total Population: 51,454
  • Population Density (inhabitants/km2): 152.86
  • Infant Mortality (0 to one year old) (per one thousand): 8.52
  • Life Expectancy (years): 75.73
  • Total Fertility Rate (Children per Woman): 2.18
  • Literacy Rate: 92.28%
  • Human Development Index (IHDI): 0.820
    • IHDI-M Income: 0.763
    • IHDI-M Life Expectancy: 0.846
    • IHDI-M Education: 0.851
Race Percentage
White 83.9%
Multiracial 12.2%
Black 2.3%
Asian 0.5%

(Source: IPEADATA)

Economy

[edit]

The city's economy is based mainly on tourism; due to its location at high elevation in the Mantiqueira Mountains, and traditional European-style architecture. Buildings are mostly vernacular architecture from German, Swiss, or Italian models. Many of the wealthiest residents in the state of São Paulo have winter country houses here.

Despite the high income of many visitors, the HDI (0.820 in 2004) of Campos do Jordão is not very high because the owners of the houses in the best neighbourhoods are not regular inhabitants; these houses are used only during the holidays. The city can be reached from São Paulo mainly by road through the Rodovia Floriano Rodrigues Pinheiro. There is also a picturesque railroad from Pindamonhangaba, used mostly by tourists. At the end of the main road going through Campos do Jordão, there is a state park called Horto Florestal.

Geography

[edit]
A shopping mall in a Swiss-inspired style

The municipality contains the 8,341 hectares (20,610 acres) Campos do Jordão State Park, created in 1941.[6]

It contains the 503 hectares (1,240 acres) Mananciais de Campos do Jordão State Park, created in 1993 to protect the water supply of the municipal seat.[7] It also contains the 28,800 hectares (71,000 acres) Campos do Jordão Environmental Protection Area, created in 1984.[8]

The Mantiqueira Mountains provide unique panoramic views, and the municipality's region still has undeveloped old growth Atlantic Forest habitat. The native Brazilian Paraná pine (Araucaria angustifolia) is found here.

A former state governor had a winter residence in the city, the Boa Vista Palace, which is now a museum in the city.[9]

The city is located in the northeastern side of the State of São Paulo, bordering Minas Gerais in the north. Campos do Jordão is at a distance of 180 km (112 miles) from the City of São Paulo, 334 km (208 miles) from the City of Rio de Janeiro, and 486 km (302 miles) from Belo Horizonte.

Campos do Jordão is located on a crystalline plateau where the High Felds are located (in Portuguese: Altos Campos) formed from the quaternary, increasing the geomorphological risks with the increase of urbanization and seen inadequate occupations as in straight slopes.[10] These areas may be at risk of landslide. The municipality has rounded topos and amphitheaters where organic clay is found due to erosive processes and due to this constitution its characteristic is the concentration of water.[11]

Climate

[edit]
Largest accumulations of precipitation at
24 hours registered in Fields of the
Jordan by months (INMET, 1961–present)[12]
Month Accumulated Date
January 121.1 mm (4.77 in) January 24, 1963
February 96.3 mm (3.79 in) February 6, 1963
March 146.7 mm (5.78 in) March 10, 1965
April 90.6 mm (3.57 in) April 29, 1965
May 108.4 mm (4.27 in) May 25, 2005
June 71 mm (2.8 in) June 9, 1978
July 74.4 mm (2.93 in) July 25, 2007
August 60.6 mm (2.39 in) August 20, 1965
September 75.4 mm (2.97 in) September 6, 1983
October 129.5 mm (5.10 in) October 14, 1995
November 102.8 mm (4.05 in) November 20, 1971
December 111.4 mm (4.39 in) December 24, 1971

Campos do Jordão features a subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cfb/Cwb), characterized with warm, wet summers and cool, moderately dry winters.[13][14][15]

Although at a higher elevation than the higher portions of Santa Catarina, the latitude compensates for such a difference by providing slightly warmer winters with sporadic snowfall over an extended period, associated with the drier mid-year air. As it is a montane vegetation and with mild temperatures, trees like Araucaria augustifolia is part of the ecosystem of the highest part of the Mantiqueira Mountains.[16][17][18] The annual evaporation rate is one of the lowest of the cities of São Paulo, which can lead to water deficiencies in the driest months.[19]

The average annual precipitation is approximately 1850 mm annually, with the majority falling in December and January.[20] The average annual compensated temperature is 14.5°C. While there are cooler cities, the cooler weather tends to persist longer, averaging lower temperatures than municipalities like Curitiba, Lages or Canela.[21][20] Temperatures can drop below zero in winter, reaching a few degrees Celsius in the Paraíba Valley, with a thermal sensation that may be even lower. However, there are years when temperatures rise above freezing, as was the case in 1999.[22][23] As previously mentioned, despite the high altitude and latitude, the conditions are not conducive to regular snowfall in the city. As a result, snow occurrences are rare, with recorded events in years such as 1928,[24] 1942,[25] 1947 and 1966. These occurrences occurred at intervals of approximately two decades, but such events seem to have ceased in recent times. Additionally, the recorded dates of snowfall are not universally agreed upon, and the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), which has been operational since 1944, has not documented any instances of snowflakes in the area.[26]

According to data from INMET, since 1961 the absolute minimum temperature recorded in Campos do Jordão was -7.2°C, on June 6, 1988.[27] According to the Forecast Center (CPTEC), the winter of 1988 was the coldest on record. In contrast, between 2008 and 2018, the lowest temperature recorded was only -3.8°C, indicating that urbanization can moderate colder conditions.[28] Prior to 1988, unofficial records show even lower temperatures: -7.4°C on 26 June 1918, -8°C on 25 July 1923,[29] and -8.7°C in July 1926.[30] he absolute maximum temperature during this period was 30.5 °C on September 17, 1961. Temperatures also reached 30 °C on two other occasions: September 21, 1961, and October 14, 1963, with limited available data.[31] Cold temperatures are more common in June and July, but during the afternoon, temperatures typically rise above freezing, although they remain cool. September and April generally consist of pleasant days, with temperatures above 30 °C being rare occurrences.[32]

The largest accumulated precipitation in 24 hours in Campos do Jordão was 146.7 mm on March 10, 1965. Other significant precipitation events include 129.5 mm on October 14, 1995, 121.1 mm on January 24, 1964, 118.2 mm on March 8, 1966, 111.4 mm on December 24, 1971, 108.4 mm on May 25, 2005, 106.4 mm on December 14, 1971, 104.2 mm on December 2, 1963, 102.8 mm on November 20, 1971, and 101.2 mm on December 22, 1966.[33] The month with the highest precipitation in Campos do Jordão was December 1971, with a recorded total of 606.6 mm.[34] Interestingly, Christmas Day has the highest average rainfall in Campos do Jordão, with a 75% chance of precipitation. This trend of high rainfall continues throughout December and January.[32] It is also notable that 75% of the annual rainfall in Campos do Jordão occurs between spring and summer. The variation in altitude and the presence of valleys contribute to differences in the total precipitation across the municipality, with humidity levels decreasing towards the interior of the plateau.[35]

The seasonal variation of cloudiness is notable. The period from the beginning of April to the middle of October is the most conducive for sunlight, with the end of August experiencing the least cloud cover, allowing for up to 70% of clear skies. The remainder of the year tends to be cloudier, with mid-January seeing up to 77% of overcast skies. The duration between the shortest and longest days of the year typically aligns with astronomical cycles.

The second half of the year usually experiences stronger winds, particularly between September and October, with average speeds of 8 km/h. In contrast, the period between February and March is characterized by calmer winds, with average speeds of 6 km/h. The prevailing wind direction is from the north for about two-thirds of the year, especially from the end of April to the end of September. The second most common wind direction, from the east, occurs for nearly four months of the year.[32]

Climate data for Campos do Jordão (Vila Capivari), elevation: 1642 m or 5387.1 ft, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1961–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 29.0
(84.2) 		28.6
(83.5) 		29.0
(84.2) 		27.0
(80.6) 		24.5
(76.1) 		23.4
(74.1) 		24.4
(75.9) 		28.2
(82.8) 		30.5
(86.9) 		30.0
(86.0) 		28.6
(83.5) 		28.2
(82.8) 		30.5
(86.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.5
(72.5) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.2
(72.0) 		21.0
(69.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		17.9
(64.2) 		17.9
(64.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		20.4
(68.7) 		21.4
(70.5) 		21.6
(70.9) 		22.0
(71.6) 		20.7
(69.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 17.6
(63.7) 		17.7
(63.9) 		17.0
(62.6) 		15.3
(59.5) 		12.6
(54.7) 		10.4
(50.7) 		10.3
(50.5) 		11.4
(52.5) 		13.5
(56.3) 		15.2
(59.4) 		16.4
(61.5) 		17.0
(62.6) 		14.5
(58.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.9
(57.0) 		13.6
(56.5) 		12.8
(55.0) 		10.6
(51.1) 		7.7
(45.9) 		5.3
(41.5) 		4.6
(40.3) 		5.1
(41.2) 		8.0
(46.4) 		10.3
(50.5) 		11.7
(53.1) 		13.1
(55.6) 		9.7
(49.5)
Record low °C (°F) 5.0
(41.0) 		4.2
(39.6) 		2.6
(36.7) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		−6.2
(20.8) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		0.7
(33.3) 		0.3
(32.5) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−7.2
(19.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 253.1
(9.96) 		206.0
(8.11) 		196.7
(7.74) 		85.5
(3.37) 		82.5
(3.25) 		38.0
(1.50) 		45.9
(1.81) 		38.3
(1.51) 		85.8
(3.38) 		133.0
(5.24) 		160.6
(6.32) 		240.0
(9.45) 		1,565.4
(61.63)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 21 16 17 9 7 4 4 4 8 12 14 19 135
Average relative humidity (%) 86.1 87.1 87.5 87.2 86.9 85.3 84.5 80.9 81.5 84.2 83.8 86.8 85.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 106.4 93.6 99.8 122.9 137.2 157.9 180.3 177.9 123.8 137.2 128.0 97.6 1,562.6
Source 1: INMET[36]
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[37]

Media

[edit]

In telecommunications, the city was served by Companhia de Telecomunicações do Estado de São Paulo until 1975, when it began to be served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo.[38] In July 1998, this company was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012.[39]

The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable).[39]

[edit]
  • City entrance
    City entrance
  • Panoramic view of the district of Capivari
    Panoramic view of the district of Capivari
  • Home Green Home Hotel
    Home Green Home Hotel
  • View from Morro do Elefante
    View from Morro do Elefante
  • Photo taken with a tilt-shift lens
    Photo taken with a tilt-shift lens
  • Vila Capivari district
    Vila Capivari district
  • Square
    Square
  • Square
    Square
  • Tram rail
    Tram rail
  • Tram rail
    Tram rail
  • Campos do Jordão railroad
    Campos do Jordão railroad
  • Cristallo di Pietro Hotel
    Cristallo di Pietro Hotel
  • Artisan chocolate shop
    Artisan chocolate shop
  • Villa D'Biagy Inn
    Villa D'Biagy Inn
  • Palácio Boa Vista, the winter residence of the Governor of São Paulo
    Palácio Boa Vista, the winter residence of the Governor of São Paulo
  • View from Alto do Capivari
    View from Alto do Capivari
  • Pedra do Baú State Park, near Campos do Jordão
    Pedra do Baú State Park, near Campos do Jordão
  • Panorama
    Panorama
  • Pedestrian street
    Pedestrian street
  • Shops and restaurants
    Shops and restaurants
  • Outdoor restaurants at night
    Outdoor restaurants at night
  • The city during the winter season
    The city during the winter season
  • The Aspen Mall in Vila Capivari district
    The Aspen Mall in Vila Capivari district
  • Brazilian Paraná pine (Araucaria angustifolia) and local Atlantic Forest habitat, in Campos do Jordão municipality
    Brazilian Paraná pine (Araucaria angustifolia) and local Atlantic Forest habitat, in Campos do Jordão municipality

References

[edit]
  1. ^ IBGE 2020
  2. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 8, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ^ Assembleia Legislativa do Estado de São Paulo, Lei Complementar Nº 1.166
  4. ^ Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística
  5. ^ "IBGE disponibiliza coordenadas e altitudes para 21.304 localidades brasileiras" [IBGE provides coordinates and altitudes to 21,304 Brazilian locations] (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  6. ^ Sobre o Parque (in Portuguese), SAP: Sistema Ambiental Paulista, archived from the original on 2016-10-01, retrieved 2016-09-27
  7. ^ Parque Estadual Mananciais de Campos do Jordão (in Portuguese), SAP: Sistema Ambiental Paulista, archived from the original on 2017-05-04, retrieved 2016-10-01
  8. ^ Área de Proteção Ambiental Campos do Jordão (in Portuguese), Fundação Florestal SP, retrieved 2016-09-29
  9. ^ "Palácio Boa Vista" [Boa Vista Palace]. The Artistic-Cultural Collection of the Governmental Palaces of the State of São Paulo. Archived from the original on 2012-11-29. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
  10. ^ Hiruma, Silvio Takashi; Modenesi-Gauttieri, May Christine (2004-12-01). "A expansão urbana no planalto de Campos do Jordão: diagnóstico geomorfológico para fins de planejamento". Revista do Instituto Geológico. 25 (1–2): 1–28. doi:10.5935/0100-929X.20040001. ISSN 2176-1892.
  11. ^ Coutinho, Marcos Pellegrini; Londe, Luciana de Resende; Soriano, Érico (2017-09-08). "Percepção do Risco de Moradores de Áreas Suscetíveis a Movimentos de Massa No Município de Campos do Jordão-Sp". Boletim de Geografia (in Portuguese). 35 (3): 12–25. doi:10.4025/bolgeogr.v35i3.31826. ISSN 2176-4786.
  12. ^ "BDMEP - série histórica - precipitação (mm) - Campos do Jordão". Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (in Portuguese). 2014.[dead link‍]
  13. ^ Velloso Galvão, Marília (January–March 1967). "Regiões bioclimáticas do Brasil" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Geografia (v.29, n. 1).
  14. ^ "Campos do Jordão, Sao Paulo Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  15. ^ Dubreuil, Vincent; Fante, Karime Pechutti; Planchon, Olivier; Neto, João Lima Sant'anna (2018-09-24). "Os tipos de climas anuais no Brasil : uma aplicação da classificação de Köppen de 1961 a 2015". Confins. Revue franco-brésilienne de géographie / Revista franco-brasilera de geografia (in French). 37 (37). doi:10.4000/confins.15738. ISSN 1958-9212.
  16. ^ Dubreuil, Vincent; Fante, Karime Pechutti; Planchon, Olivier; Neto, João Lima Sant'anna (2018-09-24). "Os tipos de climas anuais no Brasil : uma aplicação da classificação de Köppen de 1961 a 2015". Confins. Revue franco-brésilienne de géographie / Revista franco-brasilera de geografia (in French). 37 (37). doi:10.4000/confins.15738. ISSN 1958-9212.
  17. ^ Velloso Galvão, Marília (January–March 1967). "Regiões bioclimáticas do Brasil" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Geografia (v.29, n. 1).
  18. ^ "Campos do Jordão, Sao Paulo Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  19. ^ "CIIAGRO - Centro integrado de informações agrometeorológicas". www.ciiagro.sp.gov.br. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  20. ^ a b ":: INMET - Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia". www.inmet.gov.br. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  21. ^ Damasceno B. Valeriano, Diana (November 2013). "Análise multiescala da distribuição espacial da Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze no Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão - SP" (PDF). Laboratório Associado de Sensores e Materiais. INPE. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  22. ^ "Revista Turismo - Campos do Jordão - SP". www.revistaturismo.com.br. Archived from the original on 2019-01-21. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  23. ^ "Folha Online - Cotidiano - Temperatura em Campos do Jordão pode chegar a 5°C - 24/05/2002". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  24. ^ "AS NEVES DE CAMPOS DO JORDÃO E DA SERRA DA MANTIQUEIRA". DADOS METEOROLÓGICOS METEOROLOGICAL DATA (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2015-05-23. Archived from the original on 2018-10-16. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  25. ^ "É Possível nevar nos estados do RJ,SP,MG,e ES - Categoria - Notícias Climatempo". www.climatempo.com.br. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  26. ^ "Folha Online - Cotidiano - Meteorologistas divergem sobre possibilidade de neve em Campos do Jordão - 21/07/2000". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  27. ^ "BDMEP - série histórica - dados diários - temperatura mínima (°C) - Campos do Jordão". www.inmet.gov.br. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  28. ^ "Inverno de 1988 foi o mais rigoroso da história em Campos do Jordão, diz Cptec". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 July 2018. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  29. ^ "Fotografias - Inverno em Campos do Jord%E3o - Campos do Jordão Cultura". www.camposdojordaocultura.com.br. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  30. ^ Alberto, Carlos (September 17, 2010). "Temperatura de 8,7 graus abaixo de zero em Campos do Jordão no ano de 1926". Meteorologia e Clima.
  31. ^ "BDMEP - série histórica - dados diários - temperatura máxima (°C) - Campos do Jordão". www.inmet.gov.br. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  32. ^ a b c "Clima característico em Campos do Jordão, Brasil durante o ano - Weather Spark". pt.weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  33. ^ "BDMEP - série histórica - precipitação (mm) - Campos do Jordão". www.inmet.gov.br. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  34. ^ "BDMEP - série histórica - dados mensais - precipitação total (mm) - Campos do Jordão". www.inmet.gov.br. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
  35. ^ Nunes, Lucí Hidalgo; Modenesi-Gauttieri, May Christine (1998-12-01). "Processos geocriogênicos quaternários nas cimeiras da Mantiqueira, com considerações climáticas". Revista do Instituto Geológico (in Portuguese). 19 (1–2): 19–30. doi:10.5935/0100-929X.19980003. ISSN 2176-1892.
  36. ^ "Normais Climatológicas Do Brasil 1981–2010" (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  37. ^ "Station Campos do Jordão" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  38. ^ "Creation of Telesp - April 12, 1973". www.imprensaoficial.com.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-05-26.
  39. ^ a b "Our History - Telefônica RI". Telefônica. Retrieved 2024-05-26.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Campos do Jordão.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Campos do Jordão.
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