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Kodiak, Alaska

Coordinates: 57°47′35″N 152°23′39″W / 57.79306°N 152.39417°W / 57.79306; -152.39417
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kodiak
Sun'aq (Alutiiq)
Павловская гавань (Russian)
City
City of Kodiak
View of Kodiak from Pillar Mountain
Downtown in 2021
Kodiak History Museum
Kodiak Harbor in 2014
The USCGC Spar at Coast Guard Base Kodiak
Official seal of Kodiak
Seal
Official logo of Kodiak
Logo
Motto: 
"Alaska's Emerald Isle"
Location in Alaska
Location in Alaska
Coordinates: 57°47′35″N 152°23′39″W / 57.79306°N 152.39417°W / 57.79306; -152.39417[1]
CountryUnited States
StateAlaska
BoroughKodiak Island
IncorporatedSeptember 11, 1940[2]
Government
 • MayorPatricia B. "Pat" Branson[3]
 • State senatorGary Stevens (R)
 • State rep.Louise Stutes (R)
Area
[4]
 • Total
5.50 sq mi (14.23 km2)
 • Land3.92 sq mi (10.16 km2)
 • Water1.57 sq mi (4.07 km2)
Elevation
49 ft (15 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
5,581
 • Density1,422.27/sq mi (549.11/km2)
Time zoneUTC-9 (AKST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-8 (AKDT)
ZIP code
99615, 99619, 99697
Area code907
FIPS code02-40950
GNIS feature ID1404875
Websitewww.city.kodiak.ak.us

The City of Kodiak (Alutiiq: Sun'aq) is the main city and one of seven communities on Kodiak Island in Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska. All commercial transportation between the island's communities and the outside world goes through this city via ferryboat or airline. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 5,581, down from 6,130 in 2010.[5] It is the tenth-largest city in Alaska.

Inhabited by Alutiiq natives for over 7,000 years, Kodiak was settled in 1792 by subjects of the Russian crown. Originally named Paul's Harbor, it was the capital of Russian Alaska. Russian harvesting of the area's sea otter pelts led to the near extinction of the animal in the following century and led to wars with and enslavement of the natives for over 150 years. The city has experienced two natural disasters in the 20th century: a volcanic ashfall from the 1912 eruption of Novarupta and a tsunami from the 1964 Alaska earthquake.

After the Alaska Purchase by the United States in 1867, Kodiak became a commercial fishing center which continues to be the mainstay of its economy. A lesser economic influence includes tourism, mainly by those seeking outdoor adventure trips. Salmon, halibut, the unique Kodiak bear, elk, Sitka deer (black tail), and mountain goats attract hunting tourists as well as fishermen to the Kodiak Archipelago. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game maintains an office in the city and a website to help hunters and fishermen obtain the proper permits and learn about the laws specific to the Kodiak area.

The city has four public elementary schools, a middle and high school, as well as a branch of the University of Alaska. An antenna farm at the summit of Pillar Mountain above the city historically provided communication with the outside world before fiber optic cable was run. Transportation to and from the island is provided by ferry service on the Alaska Marine Highway as well as local commercial airlines.

History

[edit]

Indigenous peoples

[edit]

Archaeological evidence suggests that the Kodiak Archipelago has been home to the Alutiiq for at least 7,000 years.[6][7][8] In their language, qikertaq means "island".

Russian control: 1700s–1867

[edit]
The Russian sloop of war Neva visits Kodiak, Alaska in 1805

The first Europeans to sight Kodiak Island were the explorers Vitus Bering and Aleksei Chirikov, during the 1741 Second Kamchatka Expedition.[9][10] In the early 1750s the Russian fur trading merchant and explorer Stepan Glotov met a Kodiak Islander in the Aleutian Islands, who told him about the island. On his next voyage Glotov sailed to Kodiak Island, arriving in 1763.[11] The Russians called the island Kad’yak (Кадьяк), after the Alutiiq word qikertaq.[12] Several other Russians made fur hunting voyages to Kodiak Island in the 1770s.[13] In 1778 the British captain James Cook explored the area and wrote of "Kodiak" in his journals.[14] In 1779 the Spanish explorers Arteaga y Bazán and Bodega y Quadra reached Afognak in the Kodiak Archipelago.[15]

In 1792, the Russian Shelikhov-Golikov Company chief manager Alexander Baranov moved the post at Three Saints Bay (established in 1784) to a new site in Paul's Harbor (Свято-Павловской гавани, Svyato-Pavlovskoy Gavani). This developed as the nucleus of modern Kodiak.[16]: 7  Baranov considered Three Saints Bay a poor location because it was too indefensible. The relocated settlement was first named Pavlovskaya Gavan (Павловская гавань – Paul's Harbor).[17][18]

A warehouse was built in what became one of the key posts of the Shelikhov-Golikov Company, a precursor of the Russian-American Company and a center for harvesting the area's vast population of sea otters for their prized pelts. The warehouse still stands as the Baranov Museum. Because the First Native cultures revered this animal and would never harm it, the Russians had wars with and enslaved the Aleuts during this era.

"Russian Church" photo by John Nathan Cobb, June 1908

Eastern Orthodox missionaries settled on the island by the end of the 18th century, continuing European settlement of the island. They held the liturgy in native Tlingit from 1800.

The capital of Russian America was moved to Novoarkhangelsk (modern-day Sitka) in 1804. The Russian-American Company was established in 1799 as a joint-stock company by decree of Emperor Paul to continue the harvest of sea otter and other fur-bearing animals and establish permanent settlements. By the mid-19th century, the sea otter was almost extinct and 85% of the First Native population had disappeared from exposure to European diseases.

American control: 1867–present

[edit]

When Russia sold Alaska to the United States in 1867, Kodiak developed as a center for commercial fishing, and canneries dotted the island in the early 20th century until global farm-raised salmon eliminated these businesses. New processing centers emerged and the industry continues to evolve. During the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, animals such as the mountain goat, Sitka deer (black tail), rabbits, muskrats, beavers, squirrels, and others were introduced to the island and the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge was created.

Kodiak was severely impacted by the 1912 eruption of Novarupta.[19] Though situated 160 miles (260 km) southeast of the eruption center, the town was covered with 1 foot (30 cm) of ash over a short period of time.[19] Townspeople sheltered in the U.S. Revenue Cutter Manning which was docked nearby.[19][20]

As Kodiak was incorporated in 1941, the U.S. feared attack from Japanese during World War II, and turned the town into a fortress. Roads, the airport, Fort Abercrombie, and gun fortifications improved the island's infrastructure. When Alaska became a state in 1959, government assistance in housing, transportation, and education added additional benefits.[21]

Street of Kodiak in 1965

In March 1964, a tectonic tsunami struck the city during the 1964 Alaska earthquake with 30-foot (9.1 m) waves that killed 15 people and caused $11 million in damage. Some areas near Kodiak were permanently raised by 30 feet (9.1 m). It wiped out the neighboring Native villages of Old Harbor and Kaguyak. The Standard Oil Company, the Alaskan King Crab Company, and much of the fishing fleet were also destroyed.[22]

  • Kodiak, sometime shortly after 1900
    Kodiak, sometime shortly after 1900
  • Panorama of Kodiak, 1908
    Panorama of Kodiak, 1908
  • Alaska Commercial Company buildings in Kodiak, June 1908
    Alaska Commercial Company buildings in Kodiak, June 1908
  • Alaska Commercial Company Superintendent's residence, 1908
    Alaska Commercial Company Superintendent's residence, 1908
  • Warehouse and wharf in Kodiak, June 1908
    Warehouse and wharf in Kodiak, June 1908
  • Kodiak Harbor, July 2009
    Kodiak Harbor, July 2009

Geography

[edit]

Kodiak is located on the eastern shore of Kodiak Island. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.9 square miles (12.6 km2), divided into 3.5 sq mi (9.0 km2) of land and 1.4 sq mi (3.6 km2) (28.66%) of water.

Climate

[edit]

Kodiak has a humid continental climate (Dfb) with cold winters and mild summers. Precipitation is heavy year-round, though markedly less in the summer months, when the Aleutian Low is at its weakest.

Climate data for Kodiak Airport, Alaska (1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1913–present[b])
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 54
(12) 		60
(16) 		57
(14) 		70
(21) 		80
(27) 		86
(30) 		83
(28) 		86
(30) 		80
(27) 		74
(23) 		60
(16) 		65
(18) 		86
(30)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 43.5
(6.4) 		43.9
(6.6) 		46.3
(7.9) 		53.8
(12.1) 		64.9
(18.3) 		71.1
(21.7) 		74.0
(23.3) 		73.5
(23.1) 		65.4
(18.6) 		56.0
(13.3) 		48.4
(9.1) 		44.5
(6.9) 		76.9
(24.9)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 36.1
(2.3) 		37.5
(3.1) 		38.8
(3.8) 		44.7
(7.1) 		51.7
(10.9) 		57.0
(13.9) 		61.8
(16.6) 		62.8
(17.1) 		57.1
(13.9) 		48.3
(9.1) 		41.2
(5.1) 		37.3
(2.9) 		47.9
(8.8)
Daily mean °F (°C) 31.2
(−0.4) 		32.4
(0.2) 		33.2
(0.7) 		39.1
(3.9) 		45.8
(7.7) 		51.4
(10.8) 		56.2
(13.4) 		56.5
(13.6) 		50.6
(10.3) 		42.2
(5.7) 		35.7
(2.1) 		31.9
(−0.1) 		42.2
(5.7)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 26.2
(−3.2) 		27.2
(−2.7) 		27.6
(−2.4) 		33.6
(0.9) 		39.9
(4.4) 		45.7
(7.6) 		50.5
(10.3) 		50.3
(10.2) 		44.2
(6.8) 		36.0
(2.2) 		30.2
(−1.0) 		26.5
(−3.1) 		36.5
(2.5)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 8.2
(−13.2) 		10.4
(−12.0) 		13.1
(−10.5) 		22.3
(−5.4) 		31.0
(−0.6) 		37.1
(2.8) 		43.1
(6.2) 		41.1
(5.1) 		32.1
(0.1) 		23.9
(−4.5) 		16.7
(−8.5) 		9.1
(−12.7) 		3.0
(−16.1)
Record low °F (°C) −16
(−27) 		−12
(−24) 		−6
(−21) 		7
(−14) 		18
(−8) 		30
(−1) 		35
(2) 		34
(1) 		26
(−3) 		7
(−14) 		0
(−18) 		−9
(−23) 		−16
(−27)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 8.35
(212) 		6.31
(160) 		4.82
(122) 		6.14
(156) 		5.85
(149) 		5.17
(131) 		4.51
(115) 		4.90
(124) 		7.55
(192) 		8.85
(225) 		7.06
(179) 		8.81
(224) 		78.32
(1,989)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 14.5
(37) 		14.4
(37) 		12.3
(31) 		6.2
(16) 		0.5
(1.3) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.7
(1.8) 		6.1
(15) 		15.6
(40) 		70.3
(179)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 18.8 17.3 15.9 18.0 16.5 16.1 14.6 14.8 17.0 18.4 17.0 19.7 204.1
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 8.9 7.6 9.2 4.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 5.1 9.1 45.5
Average relative humidity (%) 78.0 76.6 73.4 72.4 76.2 80.4 82.4 81.7 80.6 74.9 75.0 75.7 77.1
Average dew point °F (°C) 24.6
(−4.1) 		23.7
(−4.6) 		24.8
(−4.0) 		28.2
(−2.1) 		35.8
(2.1) 		43.2
(6.2) 		48.4
(9.1) 		48.6
(9.2) 		43.7
(6.5) 		32.4
(0.2) 		27.0
(−2.8) 		24.3
(−4.3) 		33.7
(0.9)
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and dew point 1961–1990)[23][24][25][26]

See or edit raw graph data.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  2. ^ Records for Kodiak have been kept at the Kodiak Airport since January 1931 and at an undisclosed location from September 1913 to December 1930. For more information, see ThreadEx

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1880288—
189049571.9%
1900341−31.1%
191043828.4%
1920374−14.6%
193044218.2%
194086495.5%
19501,71097.9%
19602,62853.7%
19703,79844.5%
19804,75625.2%
19906,36533.8%
20006,334−0.5%
20106,130−3.2%
20205,581−9.0%
source:[27][28]

Kodiak first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as the village of Saint Paul (not to be confused with the city of St. Paul located in the Aleutian Islands). It reported a population of 288, of which 253 were Alaskan Creoles (a mixture of Russian and Native Alaskans), 20 Whites and 15 Aleuts. In 1890, it would report as "Kadiak" (the then-spelling). In 1900, it returned as "Kadiak Settlement." From 1910 onwards, it reported as Kodiak, and would formally incorporate in 1940.

As of the census of 2000, there were 6,334 people, 1,996 households, and 1,361 families residing in the city. The population density was 706.8 people/km2 (1,831 people/sq mi). There were 2,255 housing units at an average density of 251.6 persons per square kilometre (652 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the city was 46.4% White, 0.7% African American, 10.5% Native American, 31.7% Asian, 0.9% Pacific Islander, 4.4% from other races, and 5.4% from two or more races. 8.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. At the 2020 Census, the population had declined to 5,581.

There were 1,996 households, out of which 40.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.1% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 31.8% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.10 and the average family size was 3.64.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.1% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 6.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 114.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $55,142, and the median income for a family was $60,484. Males had a median income of $37,074 versus $30,049 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,522. 7.4% of the population and 3.7% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 8.4% were under the age of 18 and 0.0% were 65 or older.

Kodiak is also home for a sizable community of Russian Orthodox Old Believers.

Economy

[edit]

Among the companies based in Kodiak is Koniag, Incorporated.

Alaska Department of Fish and Game

[edit]

Kodiak is an important environmental asset, which affects the fishing industry, particularly salmon fishing. Its wild game is coveted by hunters worldwide for the Kodiak bear and other game animals; there are strict laws governing fishing and hunting activities as well as hiking near spawning streams. Both the department and the city maintain websites and publish brochures in order to help communicate these strictly enforced laws. All of the city's hotels and businesses have these materials in prominent areas for guests, and licenses can be purchased in the city's main sporting goods store and online.

Military installations

[edit]

The United States Navy operates a small training base near the city called Naval Special Warfare Cold Weather Detachment Kodiak which trains United States Navy SEALs in cold weather survival and advanced tactics.[29]

The United States Coast Guard has a major presence in Kodiak, Alaska.

Community events

[edit]
Customers line up in front of the Orpheum Theater

The city of Kodiak is home to a number of annual events that draw locals and people from off-island. The most well-known of these is Kodiak Crab Festival. Organized by the Kodiak Chamber of Commerce, the event takes place over Memorial Day weekend. It includes a county fair-style main event, with carnival rides, food and game booths, and group activities. In addition, a number of events are organized over the three-day weekend that include a kayak race, a marathon, an ultra-marathon, a 9.2-mile (14.8 km) mountain run called the Pillar Mountain Run and others.

The official Pardoning of the Crab was added to The Kodiak Crab Fest in 2019. A crab is given a crab themed name, and then saved from the crab pot by a special guest, and then goes to live at the Kodiak Fisheries Research Center Aquarium.

2019: Sheldon, pardoned by US Senator Dan Sullivan (R-AK).[30] 2020: Unknown. 2021: Lenny Crabitz, pardoned by Kodiak City Manager Mike Tvenge.[31]

Education

[edit]

The Kodiak Island Borough School District operates four elementary schools, one middle school and one high school (Kodiak High School) serving the town of Kodiak and the immediate area surrounding the city of Kodiak. A further 6 schools serve rural sites in the district and are operated as k-12 schools.[32]

The city is home to Kodiak College, a satellite campus of the University of Alaska Anchorage. Within the public school district, there are eight rural schools.

Kodiak is also home to Saint Herman's Orthodox Theological Seminary, a theological school founded in 1972 under the auspices of the Orthodox Church in America. Students from villages all over southern and southwestern Alaska study at St. Herman's in order to become readers or clergy in the Orthodox Church.

Media

[edit]
  • KMXT (100.1 FM) the community public radio station
  • KODK (90.7 FM) public radio station
  • KVOK-FM (101.1 FM) commercial radio station
  • KVOK (560 AM and 98.7 FM) country radio station and home of Kodiak Bears athletics
  • Kodiak Daily Mirror (Monday through Friday newspaper)

Transportation

[edit]
The ferryboat MV Tustumena is part of the Alaska Marine Highway. She can carry 210 passengers and serves Kodiak, Homer, Whittier, and the Aleutian Islands as far west as Dutch Harbor.
A floatplane dropping off guests at a remote wilderness lodge on Raspberry Island, part of the Kodiak Archipelago. All guests at these lodges begin their journey in the city of Kodiak.

Kodiak Airport attracts both local and regional airlines, air taxis, and charter floatplanes and helicopters which provide transportation to residents and tourists traveling on and off the island. The Alaska Marine Highway provides further transportation via two ferries, MV Tustumena and MV Kennicott. These ships can carry 211 and 748 passengers, respectively, and serve routes between Kodiak, Homer, and Whittier, although the ferry system no longer takes passengers to Seward. Floatplane and bush plane companies regularly take tourists to remote areas and wilderness lodges both on the various islands of the Kodiak Archipelago and the Katmai coast for bear viewing, hunting, and hikes. The city business community also has a fleet of privately owned taxis as well as kayaks, mountain bikes, and all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) for rent.

Health care

[edit]

Kodiak has robust primary care, led by Kodiak Area Native Association, a Tribal Health Organization with HRSA support that sees Native and Non-Native persons around the island, and Kodiak Community Health Center with smaller primary care practices in Kodiak. Specialty medical services are intermittently available at Kodiak Area Native Association and at Providence Kodiak Island Medical Center. Hospital and emergency care are provided at Providence Kodiak Island Medical Center, the only hospital on Kodiak Island. Individuals located in the smaller surrounding communities are cared for in small village clinics and, when critically ill, may be airlifted into Kodiak via helicopter or air ambulance due to remoteness and lack of roads.

Energy

[edit]

Most electrical energy for the city is provided from the Terror Lake Hydroelectric Generating Station owned by the Kodiak Electrical Association. Substantial amounts of energy are also provided by wind turbines and by diesel generators. There are six wind turbines that supply up to 1.5 MW each and have a blade length of 38.5 meters and overall height of 118.5 meters.

[edit]

In 2012, rapper Pitbull was involved in an advertising campaign with Walmart, in which the Walmart store that received the most Facebook "likes" from June 18 to July 15, 2012, would have Pitbull visit and put on a show there. An orchestrated internet campaign urged people to vote for the most remote location imaginable, Kodiak, resulting in a sizable lead for that store.[33] The enthusiasm for voting for Kodiak was also a reference to the lyrics of Pitbull's song "Give Me Everything", in which he rhymes "Kodak" with "Kodak". Walmart confirmed that Kodiak won.[34] Pitbull visited on July 30, where he received a Key to the City from mayor Branson and then made an appearance before a crowd of hundreds at the Coast Guard base.[35]

The Weather Channel docu-series Coast Guard Alaska follows the lives of Coast Guard members stationed in Kodiak.[36]

Czech carmaker Škoda Auto named their new SUV the Škoda Kodiaq, after the Alaskan brown bear, and in tribute Kodiak was renamed Kodiaq for one day (May 6, 2016).[37] In a spelling change also intended to honor the indigenous Alutiiq,[37] the city was renamed with a number of signs changed across town,[37] including the port facilities and city limits. The letter Q is a common ending for nouns in the Alutiiq language.[38]

The film The Guardian (2006) is partially set in Kodiak, but was not filmed there.[39]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  2. ^ 1996 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory. Juneau: Alaska Municipal League/Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs. January 1996. p. 84.
  3. ^ 2015 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory. Juneau: Alaska Municipal League. 2015. p. 90.
  4. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  5. ^ "2020 Census Data - Cities and Census Designated Places" (Web). State of Alaska, Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  6. ^ Tracy L. Sweely (1999). Manifesting Power: Gender and the Interpretation of Power in Archaeology. Psychology Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-415-19744-1.
  7. ^ Ben Fitzhugh (July 31, 2003). The Evolution of Complex Hunter-Gatherers: Archaeological Evidence from the North Pacific. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-306-47853-6.
  8. ^ The Alutiiq Ethnography Bibliography – Rachel Mason
  9. ^ Grinëv, Andrei V. (Fall 2011). "Russian Maritime Catastrophes during the Colonization of Alaska, 1741–1867". The Pacific Northwest Quarterly. 102 (4). Translated by Bland, Richard L. University of Washington: 178–194. JSTOR 24624633. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  10. ^ Black, Lydia (2004). Russians in Alaska, 1732-1867. University of Alaska Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-889963-04-4. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  11. ^ Black, Lydia T. (2004). "Warriors of Kodiak: Military Traditions of Kodiak Islanders". Arctic Anthropology. 41 (2). University of Wisconsin Press: 140–152. doi:10.1353/arc.2011.0057. JSTOR 40316624. S2CID 162558244. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
  12. ^ Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  13. ^ Grinëv, Andrei Val’terovich (2018). Russian Colonization of Alaska: Preconditions, Discovery, and Initial Development, 1741-1799. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 231–232. ISBN 978-1-4962-1085-2. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
  14. ^ Beaglehole, J.C. (2017). The Journals of Captain James Cook on his Voyages of Discovery: Volume III Part 1: The Voyage of the Resolution and Discovery, 1776-1780. Taylor & Francis. p. 1025. ISBN 978-1-351-54321-7. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  15. ^ Sanchez, Antonio. "Spanish Exploration: Arteaga and Bodega y Quadra's 1779 Expedition". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  16. ^ Khlebnikov, K.T., 1973, Baranov, Chief Manager of the Russian Colonies in America, Kingston: The Limestone Press, ISBN 0919642500
  17. ^ Haycox, Stephen W. (2002). Alaska: An American Colony. University of Washington Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-295-98249-6.
  18. ^ "Kodiak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  19. ^ a b c "The Great Eruption of 1912 (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov.
  20. ^ Grohman, Adam M. (October 12, 2015). Sentinels and Saviors - Special Edition. Lulu.com. pp. 88–92. ISBN 978-1-329-63323-0.
  21. ^ Rosenberg, Bernard (2006). Kodiak Fishing at any Angle. Bernard Rosenberg. pp. 32–40. ISBN 978-0-9777414-0-3.
  22. ^ [1][permanent dead link‍] l
  23. ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 17, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  24. ^ "xmACIS2". NOAA Regional Climate Centers. Retrieved August 30, 2020. Input 'ADQthr' as ID in 'Station selection'.
  25. ^ "WMO Climate Normals for KODIAK/U S C G BASE AK 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 17, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
  26. ^ "NOAA Online Weather Data". National Weather Service. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  27. ^ Moffatt, Riley. Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850–1990. Lanham: Scarecrow, 1996, 4.
  28. ^ "U.S. Census website" (CSV). United States Census Bureau. March 18, 2009. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
  29. ^ Huisman, Jan (November 28, 2008). "Navy SEALs Find Ideal Training Grounds In Kodiak". Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. Retrieved November 30, 2008.[permanent dead link‍]United States Navy, Naval Special Warfare Public Affairs (March 21, 2007). "Cold Warfare: Future SEALs Get a Firsthand Lesson in Northern Exposure" (U.S. Navy press release). GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved November 30, 2008.
  30. ^ Mirror, Isaac Stone Simonelli / Kodiak Daily (May 28, 2019). "Pardoning of the crab". Kodiak Daily Mirror. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  31. ^ "Crab Fest revival". Kodiak Daily Mirror. May 28, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  32. ^ "Our Schools Archived February 15, 2017, at the Wayback Machine." Kodiak Island Borough School District. Retrieved on February 15, 2017.
  33. ^ O'Leary, Joseph (July 5, 2012). "Contest may send rapper Pitbull to Alaska Walmart". Reuters. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  34. ^ "Walmart: Rap star Pitbull to appear in Kodiak". Anchorage Daily News. July 21, 2012. Archived from the original on July 27, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  35. ^ "Pitbull performs in Kodiak". New York Daily News. July 31, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
  36. ^ "The Weather Channel Greenlights New Series "Coast Guard Alaska"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
  37. ^ a b c "Alaskans Are So Happy About The Škoda Kodiaq That They Renamed Their City For It". JALOPNIK. May 9, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
  38. ^ "Let's All study Alutiiq!" (PDF). Alutiiq Museum. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
  39. ^ The Guardian (2006) ⭐ 6.9 | Action, Adventure, Drama, retrieved November 5, 2023
[edit]
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