Berezhany
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Berezhany
Бережани | |
|---|---|
 Panorama over the old town of Berezhany | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Berezhany Location of Berezhany without Ukraine  Berezhany Berezhany (Ukraine) | |
| Coordinates: 49°26′45″N 24°56′10″E / 49.44583°N 24.93611°E | |
| Country | Ukraine |
| Oblast | Ternopil Oblast |
| Raion | Ternopil Raion |
| Hromada | Berezhany urban hromada |
| First mentioned | 1375 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Rostyslav Bortnyk |
| Area | |
• Total | 12 km2 (5 sq mi) |
| Population (2022) | |
• Total | 17,139 |
| • Density | 1,400/km2 (3,700/sq mi) |
| Area code | + 380-3548 |
| Website | Berezhany City Council |
 | |
Berezhany (Ukrainian: Бережани, IPA: [bereˈʒɑnɪ] ; Polish: Brzeżany; Yiddish: ברעזשאַן, romanized: Brezhan; Hebrew: בּז'יז'אני/בּז'ז'ני Bzhezhani/Bzhizhani) is a city in Ternopil Raion, Ternopil Oblast, western Ukraine. It lies about 50 km (31 mi) from the administrative center of the oblast, Ternopil. Berezhany hosts the administration of Berezhany urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.[1] Population: 17,139 (2022 estimate).[2]
History
[edit]The first written mention of Berezhany dates from 1374, when the village was granted by the Governor of Galicia and Lodomeria Vladislaus II to Ruthenian boyar Vas'ko Teptukhovych. Shortly afterwards, in the 14th century it became a part of Poland and became the property of a noble family from Buchach — members House of Buczacki, later Sieniawa. As Mikołaj Sieniawski, a notable Polish military commander and politician envisioned a seat of his family there, on March 19, 1530, King Sigismund I of Poland granted the village a city charter modelled on the Magdeburg Law. The document, among other privileges, granted the new town of Brzeżany, as it was called prior to 1945, with: two markets yearly, one for the day of Our Lord's Ascension and the other for the day of Saint Peter in Chains, that are to be held every year. As to weekly fairs these are to be held every Friday, although with respect to the rights of other nearby towns. Thus, the town is to allow each and every tradesman, cart driver or businessman, regardless of his or her state, gender, faith or rite, to arrive to the town of Brzeżany for trade.
The town's location on the route between Lviv and Terebovlya proved beneficial to the city's growth and development. Among the first settlers to inhabit the town were people from Lwów liberated by Sieniawski from Tatar captivity. It soon started to attract settlers from all over Poland, including a large number of Jews, Ukrainians and Armenians. In 1534 Mikołaj Sieniawski also started to construct a large fortress at a steep hill on a small island at the Złota Lipa river (see Berezhany Castle). The stronghold was finished in 1554 and became the main seat of the Sieniawski family and one of the best fortified places in the region. Simultaneously, a large fortified convent and a church of the Bernardines was constructed on the hill nearby. Both fortified places provided a safe refuge for the tradesmen, which added to the city's prominence in trade and commerce. In the early 17th century one of Mikołaj Sieniawski's grandsons, also named Mikołaj, fortified the city itself. The fortress withstood all attacks by Tatars and Cossacks until the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648, when it was captured by the Cossacks. In 1655 during The Deluge, it was again captured by the forces of Sweden and the city was again plundered. However, it was rebuilt afterwards and withstood further Cossack attacks in 1667 and 1672.
In 1675 the town was again sacked and pillaged by the forces of the Ottoman Empire. However, Mikołaj Hieronim Sieniawski financed the reconstruction of the town. Among the buildings rebuilt were the Bernardine church and a Uniate church in the suburb of Polska Adamówka (paradoxically being primarily inhabited by Ukrainians and not Poles as the name suggests). Because of its relative safety the town grew and by the end of the 17th century there were nearly 8,000 inhabitants there. After the death of Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski, the last of his kin, the town was inherited by August Aleksander Czartoryski through Sieniawski's daughter Maria Zofia. Czartoryski, a notable magnate, created a large artificial lake in the town's proximity in the early 18th century. Along the bank of that lake, the suburbs of Siółko and Kastelówka were built. After the First Partition of Poland of 1772 the town was annexed by Austria, who attached it to the region of Galicia. After 1867 the town became part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and continued to flourish as it was outside of the region of fortifications, inside which construction of new houses was severely limited. A grammar school was founded there in 1805, and had many notable alumni. Among them were Włodzimierz Bednarski, Franz Kokovsky, Bohdan Lepkyi, Rudolf Moch, Kornel Ujejski, Ruslan Shashkevych, and the future Marshal of Poland Edward Rydz-Śmigły. The town was connected by rail to Tarnopol (modern Ternopil, Ukraine) in 1894 and in 1900 it had a population of 10,610.
Although the city remained quite populous, with time it lost much of its importance as a trade centre and became populated primarily by Jews as a typical shtetl. Also, the castle fell into neglect as the successors of the Sieniawski family, the Czartoryski and Lubomirski families, were owners of many more castles and had no interest in this one in particular. During World War I the town was briefly occupied by Russia, but was soon recaptured by Austria-Hungary. The castle was partially pillaged by Austro-Hungarian soldiers who were stationed there during the war while some of the works of art were evacuated from the palaces of Puławy, Łańcut and Wilanów. At the end of the war the town was part of the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic, but in 1919 was awarded to the renascent Poland by the Conference of Ambassadors of the League of Nations, following the short Polish-Ukrainian War. During the Polish-Bolshevik War it was briefly occupied by the Red Army, but was soon recaptured by the Polish Army after the Battle of Warsaw. However, some of the most precious sculptures and paintings from the castle and local churches, evacuated to Kraków, were never returned and instead survived the war in the castle of Pieskowa Skała near Ojców.
After the Invasion of Poland of 1939 and the outbreak of World War II the town was briefly occupied by Nazi Germany, after which it was transferred to the Soviet Union. During the Soviet occupation many of the local inhabitants were sent to the Gulag camps; there was also a notable NKVD prison located in the town. In June 1941, at the onset of Operation Barbarossa, NKVD massacred from 174 to 300 prisoners held in Berezhany prison.[3]
On July 4, 1941, the town was again occupied by Germany and latter attached to the so-called Distrikt Galizien of the General Government. Before World War II Brzezany's Jewish population was about 4,000, while after 1939 this population tripled with an additional 8,000 Jews, refugees from eastern German-occupied territories. After the Soviets left in July 1941, enraged by the discovery of the bodies from the prison massacre, local Ukrainians launched a pogrom, resulting in the murder of dozens of the town's Jews, as well as looting and injuries inflicted upon them.[4] In December 1941, approximately 1,000 Jews were killed in the Lityatyn forest.[5] On 12 June 1943 the Nazis murdered almost all the Jews from the Brzezany ghetto and work camp at the local cemetery; only a few escaped. Between 1942 and the end of the war there was heavy partisan activity in the area, mostly by local branches of the Armia Krajowa.
In 1944 the town was occupied in the course of Operation Tempest of the insurgent Polish Home Army, but the Polish nationalists were soon pushed aside as the town was occupied by the Red Army. In 1945 it was annexed by the Soviet Union and attached to the Ukrainian SSR. Since 1991 it has been a part of Ukraine.
Until 18 July 2020, Berezhany was designated as a city of oblast significance[6] and served as the administrative center of Berezhany Raion though it did not belong to the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three, the city was merged into Ternopil Raion.[7][8]
Geography
[edit]The city is located about 50 km (31 mi) from the administrative center of the oblast, Ternopil. The city is about 400 metres (1,300 ft) above sea level.
Climate
[edit]| Climate data for Berezhany (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.1 (31.8) |
1.4 (34.5) |
6.2 (43.2) |
13.8 (56.8) |
19.8 (67.6) |
22.3 (72.1) |
24.3 (75.7) |
23.9 (75.0) |
18.7 (65.7) |
13.1 (55.6) |
5.9 (42.6) |
0.8 (33.4) |
12.5 (54.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.1 (26.4) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
2.0 (35.6) |
8.5 (47.3) |
14.0 (57.2) |
16.8 (62.2) |
18.7 (65.7) |
17.9 (64.2) |
13.3 (55.9) |
8.2 (46.8) |
2.6 (36.7) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
7.9 (46.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.0 (21.2) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
3.7 (38.7) |
8.5 (47.3) |
11.7 (53.1) |
13.5 (56.3) |
12.8 (55.0) |
8.7 (47.7) |
4.2 (39.6) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
3.8 (38.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 30.0 (1.18) |
35.3 (1.39) |
37.3 (1.47) |
42.2 (1.66) |
67.9 (2.67) |
80.5 (3.17) |
80.8 (3.18) |
71.7 (2.82) |
54.1 (2.13) |
41.9 (1.65) |
36.0 (1.42) |
37.5 (1.48) |
615.4 (24.23) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8.9 | 8.8 | 8.2 | 7.7 | 10.1 | 10.7 | 9.9 | 9.1 | 8.4 | 7.1 | 8.7 | 9.5 | 107.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 84.7 | 83.4 | 79.4 | 73.0 | 73.0 | 75.4 | 76.3 | 77.6 | 80.7 | 82.1 | 85.8 | 86.8 | 79.9 |
| Source: World Meteorological Organization[9] | |||||||||||||
Education
[edit]There are four secondary schools and a grammar school in the city.
Economy
[edit]A brickyard, a furniture factory and a glassworks are all of economic importance to Berezhany.
Landmarks
[edit]Of architectural significance are the ruins of the five-cornered fortress (completed in 1554), a park originally laid out in the 17th century, and the wooden Church of Saint Nicholas (completed in 1691).[10]
Nearby localities
[edit]- Shybalyn – c. 5 km (3.1 mi)
- Narayiv – c. 14 km (8.7 mi)
- Kozova – c. 20 km (12 mi)
- Pidhaytsi – c. 25 km (16 mi)
- Rohatyn – c. 30 km (19 mi)
- Peremyshliany – 40 km (25 mi)
- Burshtyn – c.40 km (25 mi)
- Halych – c. 50 km (31 mi)
- Ternopil – c. 50 km (31 mi)
- Lviv – c. 90 km (56 mi)
- Ivano-Frankivsk – c. 60 km (37 mi)
- Zavaliv – c. 35 km (22 mi)
- Zboriv – c. 35 km (22 mi)
Notable people
[edit]- Markiyan Shashkevych (1811–1843) — Ukrainian poet, studied here
- Mykhailo Hlibovytskyi (1818–1887) – Ukrainian Greek Catholic priest and public figure
- Vassily Ivanchuk — world-class chess player, lived here
- Mykola Konrad — Ukrainian Greek-Catholic saint, beatified by John Paul II in 2001, taught here
- Aleksander Brückner — Polish scholar of Slavic languages and literatures, born here
- Antoni Brzeżańczyk — Polish football manager
- Zbigniew Dunin-Wasowicz — Polish soldier
- David Meir Frisch — rabbi, posek and rabbinical authority, lived here
- Edward Kofler — mathematician
- Samuel Hirsch Margulies — rabbi of Florence and the principal (from 1899) of Italy's only rabbinical seminary, born here
- Joseph Saul Nathansohn — Polish rabbi, posek and rabbinical authority, born here
- Shimon Redlich — historian, born here
- Edward Sucharda — Polish chemist and engineer, born here
- Edward Rydz-Śmigły — Commander-in-Chief of Polish Armed Forces, born here (in the village of Lapshyn on the outskirts of Berezhany)
- Sholom Mordechai Schwadron — Jewish gaon lived and died here
- Abraham A. Neuman (1890—1970) — rabbi, historian and president of Dropsie College
- Vitalii Shupliak — Ukrainian artist
- Vitalii Skakun — soldier who sacrificed himself in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine by blowing up a bridge, born here
- Volodymyr Sawchak (1911–2007) — painter and activist who lived in Australia, born here
- Olena Kulchytska (1877-1967) - Ukrainian painter
References
[edit]- ^ "Бережанская городская громада" (in Russian). Портал об'єднаних громад України.
- ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
- ^ Węgierski, Jerzy (1991). Lwów pod okupacją sowiecką 1939–1941 [Lviv under Soviet occupation 1939–1941] (in Polish). Warszawa: Editions Spotkania. p. 278. ISBN 83-85195-15-7.
- ^ Megargee, Geoffrey (2012). Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. p. Volume II 759–761. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7.
- ^ "Execution Sites of Jewish Victims Investigated by Yahad-In Unum". Yahad Map. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
- ^ Redactor (14 May 2015). Кременець став містом обласного значення [Kremenets has become a city of regional significance] (in Ukrainian). Radyvyliv.info. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
- ^ "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ". Голос України (in Ukrainian). 2020-07-18. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
- ^ "Нові райони: карти + склад" (in Ukrainian). Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ портал в Мир путешествий и приключений - хватит сидеть на месте, открой для себя Землю! (in Russian)
Further reading
[edit]- Weiner, Miriam; Ukrainian State Archives (in cooperation with); Moldovan National Archives (in cooperation with) (1999). "Chapter 11: Town Clips: Berezhany". Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories (PDF). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. p. 403. ISBN 978-0-96-565081-6. OCLC 607423469.
- Redlich, Shimon (2002). Together and Apart in Brzezany Poles, Jews, and Ukrainians, 1919-1945. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34074-0. OCLC 928471004.
External links
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