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East Lansing, Michigan

Coordinates: 42°44′53″N 84°29′01″W / 42.74806°N 84.48361°W / 42.74806; -84.48361
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East Lansing
City
City of East Lansing
Downtown East Lansing, 2022
Downtown East Lansing, 2022
Location within Clinton County (top) and Ingham County (bottom)
Location within Clinton County (top) and Ingham County (bottom)
East Lansing is located in Michigan
East Lansing
East Lansing
Location within the state of Michigan
East Lansing is located in the United States
East Lansing
East Lansing
Location within the United States
East Lansing is located in North America
East Lansing
East Lansing
East Lansing (North America)
Coordinates: 42°44′53″N 84°29′01″W / 42.74806°N 84.48361°W / 42.74806; -84.48361
CountryUnited States
StateMichigan
CountiesClinton and Ingham
Settled1847
Incorporated1907
Government
 • TypeCouncil–manager
 • MayorGeorge Brookover
 • ManagerRobert Belleman
Area
[1]
 • Total
13.51 sq mi (35.00 km2)
 • Land13.43 sq mi (34.79 km2)
 • Water0.08 sq mi (0.21 km2)
Elevation
[2]
856 ft (261 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
47,741
 • Density3,554.54/sq mi (1,372.37/km2)
Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP code(s)
48808 (Bath)
48823–48826
48906, 48910, 48912 (Lansing)
Area code517
FIPS code26-24120[3]
GNIS feature ID1626207[2]
Websitewww.cityofeastlansing.com Edit this at Wikidata

East Lansing is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. Most of the city lies within Ingham County with a smaller portion extending north into Clinton County. At the 2020 census the population was 47,741.[4] Located directly east of the state capital of Lansing, East Lansing is well known as the home of Michigan State University. The city is part of the Lansing–East Lansing metropolitan area.

History

[edit]

East Lansing is located on land that was an important junction of two major Native American groups: the Potawatomi and the Fox.[5] By 1850, the Lansing and Howell Plank Road Company was established to connect a toll road to the Detroit and Howell Plank Road, improving travel between Detroit and Lansing, which cut right through what is now East Lansing. The toll road was finished in 1853, and included seven toll houses between Lansing and Howell.[6]

Michigan State University was founded in 1855 and established in what is now East Lansing in 1857. For the first four decades, the students and faculty lived almost entirely on the college campus. A few commuted from Lansing, and that number increased when a streetcar line was built in the 1890s, but there were few places to live in the then-rural area surrounding the campus.

That started to change in 1887, when professors William J. Beal and Rolla C. Carpenter created Collegeville, along what is now Harrison Road and Center and Beal Streets, north of Michigan Avenue. Few faculty were attracted to the location, and the first residents were "teamsters and laborers".[7] In 1898, the College Delta subdivision (including what is now Delta Street) had the support of the college itself, which provided utilities, and several professors built homes there (one of which survives today at 243 W. Grand River Ave.).[8] Other subdivisions followed.

At that time, the post office address was "Agricultural College, Michigan". A school district encompassing the nascent community was created in 1900. In 1907, incorporation as a city was proposed under the name "College Park"; the legislature approved the charter but changed the name to "East Lansing". The first seven mayors, starting with Clinton D. Smith in 1907 and Warren Babcock in 1908, were professors or employees of the college.

The city charter in 1907 prohibited the possession, sale, or consumption of alcoholic beverages, and East Lansing was a "dry" city until voters modified the charter provision in 1968. In the 21st century, downtown East Lansing has enjoyed a construction boom. Multiple city center complexes have resulted in the redevelopment of large parts of the historic downtown area, at a greatly increased population density.[citation needed]

Geography

[edit]
Downtown East Lansing at night, overlooking Albert Street
Beaumont Tower at Michigan State University

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.67 square miles (35.41 km2), of which 13.59 square miles (35.20 km2) is land and 0.08 square miles (0.21 km2) is water.[9]

Since 1998, East Lansing has expanded its borders through the use of 425 Agreements. The city is currently in three 425 Agreements with Bath Township, DeWitt Township, and Meridian Township, and has effectively added thousands of acres of land to its border.

  • East Lansing and DeWitt Township entered into two 425s in 1998 and 2001, which involved nearly 1,200 acres (4.9 km2) of land. The agreement stipulates that East Lansing gains full control of the land after 33 years.
  • East Lansing and Bath Township entered into a 425 Agreement in June 2002 involving 1,056 acres (4.27 km2) of land. The agreement stipulates that East Lansing gains full control of the land after 100 years.
  • East Lansing and Meridian Township entered into a 425 in November 2002 involving 101 acres (0.41 km2) of land. The agreement stipulates that the Meridian Township residents get to decide the fate of the land after 100 years.

The city has also made use of annexation of surrounding township lands in recent years. It annexed the 66.5 acres (26.9 ha) of the Four Winds Golf Course in Meridian Township in 2001, and another 6 acres (2.4 ha) of the township in 2006. The city also annexed from DeWitt Township the land that is currently the East Lansing Soccer Complex.

Description

[edit]

The city's downtown area is centered around Grand River Avenue, a wide, tree-lined boulevard that evolved out of the 19th-century plank road that connected Lansing to Detroit. Grand River Avenue and Michigan Avenue serve as a dividing line between the Michigan State University campus and the rest of the city. Immediately north of downtown are college town neighborhoods, where students and year-round residents can live close to the city's downtown and MSU's campus.

Neighborhoods

[edit]

East Lansing has more than 25 neighborhoods, many of which have neighborhood associations that sponsor social events, attend to neighborhood issues, and often advocate for neighborhood interests in meetings of the city council and city commissions.[10]

A section of the city has been designated a Historic District, and a Historic District Commission has been established by the city council.[11] In addition, many landmark structures in the older neighborhoods have been identified within a Landmark Structures Historic District of the Historic Preservation Code.[12]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1910802—
19201,889135.5%
19304,380131.9%
19405,83933.3%
195020,325248.1%
196030,19848.6%
197047,54057.4%
198051,3928.1%
199050,677−1.4%
200046,525−8.2%
201048,5794.4%
202047,741−1.7%
2023 (est.)48,5281.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[13]

2010 census

[edit]

As of the census[14] of 2010, there were 48,579 people, 14,774 households, and 4,811 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,574.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,380.2/km2). There were 15,787 housing units at an average density of 1,161.7 per square mile (448.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 78.4% White, 10.6% Asian, 6.8% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.0% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.4% of the population.

There were 14,774 households, of which 13.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.7% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 67.4% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.80.

The median age in the city was 21.6 years. 7.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 62.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 14.6% were from 25 to 44; 9.2% were from 45 to 64; and 6.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.

2000 census

[edit]

As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 46,525 people, 14,390 households, and 5,094 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,136.6 inhabitants per square mile (1,597.2/km2). There were 15,321 housing units at an average density of 1,362.2 per square mile (525.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 80.91% White, 8.21% Asian, 7.40% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.95% from other races, and 2.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.69% of the population.

There were 14,390 households, out of which 16.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 27.6% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 64.6% were non-families. 36.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 9.0% under the age of 18, 58.6% from 18 to 24, 16.4% from 25 to 44, 9.9% from 45 to 64, and 6.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $28,217, and the median income for a family was $61,985 (these figures had risen to $29,885 and $81,941 respectively as of a 2007 estimate[15]). Males had a median income of $43,767 versus $30,556 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,333. About 11.0% of families and 34.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.8% of those under age 18 and 3.7% of those age 65 or over.

Government

[edit]

East Lansing has a council-manager government, in which the city council appoints one of its members as mayor and another as mayor pro tem – a city council member with extra ceremonial duties who chairs council meetings in the mayor's absence. The city council consists of 5 at-large council members who are elected in non-partisan elections to 4-year terms in November of odd-numbered years. The city council chooses the city manager, the city's chief administrative officer. The manager is appointed by and answers to the council.

The current mayor is George Brookover, who was elected to the city council in 2021. Kerry Ebersole Singh is the current mayor pro tem and was elected to city council in 2023. The other members of the city council are Dana Watson, elected in 2021; Erik Altmann, elected in 2023; and Mark Meadows, elected in 2023.[16]

An important aspect of East Lansing's government is its system of commissions. The commission members are ordinary East Lansing citizens appointed by the city council and advised by members of the city staff. Commissions may propose or review policies in their bailiwicks and make recommendations to the council. Major East Lansing commissions and boards include those for Planning, Zoning, Housing, Transportation, and Parks and Recreation. Other commissions and boards that also involve active engagement of ordinary citizens play a role in East Lansing's governance.[17]

East Lansing Government founded the Technology Innovation Center, an incubator for technology start-ups.[18]

Education

[edit]

Higher education

[edit]

Michigan State University, a member of the Big Ten Conference, is the largest education institution in the State of Michigan (9th largest in the United States),[19] reflecting East Lansing's history as a college town. MSU has more than 200 programs of study. It has two medical schools, the allopathic College of Human Medicine issuing the MD degree, and the osteopathic College of Osteopathic Medicine issuing the DO degree. It has a School of Veterinary Medicine issuing the DVM degree. It has a College of Law issuing three degrees: the Juris Doctor (J.D.), the Master of Laws (LL.M.), and the Master of Jurisprudence (M.J.). There are numerous Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) programs. There is also a Master of Arts in Technology (MAET) program.[20]

Nearby Lansing is home to several other colleges, including Thomas M. Cooley Law School which is the largest law school in the United States (by attendees), Davenport University, and Lansing Community College.

Public primary and secondary schools

[edit]

Most of the city is covered by the East Lansing Public Schools district.

Within Ingham County, portions of East Lansing are within the East Lansing school district, the Lansing School District, Okemos Public Schools, and Haslett Public Schools.[21]

Within Clinton County, portions of East Lansing are within the Lansing School District, the East Lansing School District, and Bath Community Schools.[22]

The East Lansing district has an enrollment of just over 3,400 students in grades K-12. The district also includes small portions of neighboring Lansing, Lansing Township, and Meridian Township. The district consists of six elementary schools, one middle school (MacDonald Middle School), and East Lansing High School. One fifth of the district's students come from outside of East Lansing through Michigan's Schools of Choice program.

Private schools

[edit]
  • St. Thomas Aquinas Parish School,[23] 915 Alton Road
  • Stepping Stones Montessori School,[24] 1370 Beech Street

Transportation

[edit]

Local transportation

[edit]

Capital Area Transportation Authority (CATA) provides public bus transit throughout East Lansing, Lansing, and surrounding areas.

The Northern Tier Trail[25] is a shared-use pedestrian and bicycle path system connecting some parts of the northern half of the city; the Lansing River Trail begins on the campus of Michigan State University and extends west into downtown Lansing and then north towards the airport.

Intercity transportation

[edit]

Amtrak and Indian Trails[26] provide intercity rail and bus services at the Capital Area Multimodal Gateway, which is located at 1240 South Harrison Road, within walking distance of the Michigan State University main campus. CATA transportation is also based out of the CAMG.

Amtrak offers daily service to East Lansing on its Port Huron to Union Station, Chicago train, the Blue Water. Two class one freight railroads serve the city including Canadian National Railway (CN) and CSX Transportation (CSXT).

Bus transportation is offered between East Lansing and Detroit Metro Airport twelve times daily by Michigan Flyer.

The Capital Region International Airport in nearby Lansing offers regional non-stop domestic flights; connections between East Lansing and the airport are offered by CATA (with a transfer in downtown Lansing); rental cars are also available at the airport.

Three major interstates and one U.S. Highway serve the East Lansing area including Interstate 96 (I-96), I-69, I-496, and U.S. Highway 127 (US 127).

Major highways

[edit]
  • I-69 runs from Indianapolis, along the northern boundary of East Lansing, and east to Flint and Port Huron, connecting to Canada.
  • BL I-69 is a loop route running through Lansing and East Lansing.
  • US 127 is a north–south highway passing between Lansing and East Lansing, continuing northerly toward Clare and Grayling and southerly toward Jackson, Michigan and into Ohio.
  • M-43 (Saginaw Street, Grand River Avenue) serves as a major east–west thoroughfare through the city. In downtown East Lansing, the route separates the central business district of the city from the campus of Michigan State University.
  • M-143 (Michigan Avenue) is a route between M-43 and the Lansing city limit.

Culture

[edit]
The Great Lakes Folk Festival in East Lansing's Ann Street Plaza

The city has several neighborhoods of detached, single-family houses within a mile of the Michigan State University campus.[27] Under a 2004 city zoning ordinance, several of those neighborhoods have used a petition process to establish zones that prohibit or severely restrict renting. The net size of the area where renting is prohibited has increased since 2004.[28]

East Lansing has a very large student population; in 2006 the city's population was about 45,931,[29] while the university's 2006–07 enrollment was 45,520. Granted, not all students enrolled live in East Lansing or on campus.[30]

Centennial

[edit]

In 2007, the City of East Lansing celebrated its Centennial. The celebration began in January 2007 with a kick-off press conference at the Marriott Hotel in downtown East Lansing. Events throughout the year included an old fashion concert, a birthday party, and a historic homes tour. A fireworks show took place in August, along with many more events throughout the year.[citation needed]

Sites of interest

[edit]

On campus

[edit]
Broad Art Museum at Michigan State University

Off campus

[edit]
  • Hannah Community Center (originally built as East Lansing High School, and later used as the junior high school, and then a middle school) featuring the Albert A. White Performing Arts Theatre[35]
  • East Lansing Public Library[36]
  • The "Habitrail", Hamster Cage, or Gerbil Cage, is a large multicolored parking structure near campus that resembles a Habitrail home for pet rodents. The controversial design resulted from the city's instructions to the architect that the building be "festive" and have "no brick".
  • Saper Galleries, an award-winning art gallery serving clients internationally since 1978, is in a contemporary gallery building in downtown East Lansing on Albert Avenue.[37]
  • Scene metrospace, the city sponsored art gallery located in the ground floor of the multicolored parking structure
  • East Lansing Family Aquatic Center[38]
  • Trowbridge railroad junction (located near Trowbridge Road[39]) and the nearby Amtrak depot are popular spots with railfans for train watching. At Trowbridge, the busy Grand Trunk Western Railroad line connecting Chicago to Toronto intersects the former Pere Marquette Railroad (now Conrail line from Detroit to Grand Rapids).
  • Coral Cables has undergone significant transformations throughout its rich history. It transitioned from a roadhouse in the 1920s, to a square-dance hall in the 1930s, to a big band showcase in the 1940s that attracted well-known musicians such as Tommy Dorsey, Sam Donahue, Duke Ellington, Stan Kenton, Woody Herman and The Ink Spots, to a rock ‘n’ roll diner in the late 1950s, and then to a family-owned restaurant in the late 1960s.[40][41]

Outside East Lansing

[edit]

Newspapers

[edit]

Local events

[edit]
  • The East Lansing Film Festival[48] is the largest festival of its kind in Michigan.
  • East Lansing Art Festival[49] is a juried art show held each spring on the weekend before Memorial Day. In 2009 it received a national ranking in the Art Fair Sourcebook[50] Top 200 for its fine art and craft sales. "With its 117th fine art ranking and 153rd fine craft ranking, the festival was included among a list of the top 200 best-selling art fairs and festivals in the country. These rankings are based on the festival's gross average sales for 2009, which totaled $2,857 per artist exhibitor".[51]
  • Great Lakes Folk Festival[52] originated after The National Folk Festival, which made East Lansing its home for three years, moved to a new city for another three years. The festival is usually held during the second weekend of August.
  • The Michigan High School Boys State Basketball Championship[53] tournament is typically held at Michigan State University's Breslin Center each March.
  • The 2007 and 2023 Odyssey of the Mind World Finals[54][55] occurred at Michigan State University.
  • The 2009 Future Problem Solvers International Conference was held in East Lansing.[56]
  • The Children's Concerts[57] held at East Lansing Hannah Community Center, is an annual series of live music geared for young audiences and their families.
  • The Crystal Awards[58] honors the extraordinary accomplishments of individuals, businesses and organizations that have impacted the quality of life in East Lansing.
  • The Summer Solstice Jazz Festival[59] is a two-day festival that salutes jazz music with local and national jazz performers and celebrates the longest day of the year.
  • The Summer Concert Series[60] features live local music each Friday and Saturday in Downtown East Lansing.
  • The Moonlight Film Festival[61] offers free movies on an outdoor big screen in Valley Court Park in downtown East Lansing.
  • One Book One Community[62] is a unique program that brings the city-university community together to read the same book and come together to discuss it in a variety of settings.
  • The Winter Glow[63] features holiday activities, musical entertainment and merchant activities. The Festival is usually takes place at the Ann Street Plaza, Parking Lot 1 and the East Lansing Marriott.
  • Cedar Fest was an annual festival held in the 1970s and 1980s.

Notable people

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
  2. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: East Lansing, Michigan
  3. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  4. ^ "United States Census Bureau QuickFacts". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  5. ^ "American Indians in Michigan". Retrieved October 31, 2014.
  6. ^ Forsyth, Kevin S. "East Lansing – Origins". A Brief History of East Lansing, Michigan. Retrieved October 31, 2007.
  7. ^ James D. Towar, History of the City of East Lansing, 1933.
  8. ^ Forsyth, Kevin S. "East Lansing – College Delta". A Brief History of East Lansing, Michigan. Retrieved October 31, 2007.
  9. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
  10. ^ "Neighborhood Associations". Archived from the original on August 18, 2009.
  11. ^ "Historic District Commission". Archived from the original on April 3, 2011.
  12. ^ Forsyth, Kevin S. "Landmark Structures". A Brief History of East Lansing, Michigan. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  13. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  14. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
  15. ^ East Lansing city, Michigan, 2005–2007 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates, United States Census Bureau
  16. ^ "Meet the Council | East Lansing, MI - Official Website". www.cityofeastlansing.com. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
  17. ^ "East Lansing, MI – Official Website". cityofeastlansing.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009.
  18. ^ "East Lansing TIC – Technology Innovation Center – LEAP". cityofeastlansing.com.
  19. ^ List of United States university campuses by enrollment
  20. ^ "Master of Arts in Educational Technology (MAET)". Archived from the original on June 10, 2010.
  21. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Ingham County, MI" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
  22. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Clinton County, MI" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
  23. ^ "St. Thomas Aquinas Parish School". stthomasaquinasparishschool.org.
  24. ^ "Home". steppingstoneseastlansing.org.
  25. ^ "Northern Tier Trail website". Archived from the original on September 23, 2008.
  26. ^ "Indian Trails". indiantrails.com.
  27. ^ "Neighborhood Associations". Archived from the original on August 18, 2009.
  28. ^ "Residential Rental Restriction Overlay District". Archived from the original on February 13, 2011.
  29. ^ US Census Bureau 2006–08 population estimate, available at:. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US2624120&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-_sse=on Archived February 11, 2020, at archive.today
  30. ^ Michigan State University Board of Trustees announcement, September 12, 2007, available at: http://trustees.msu.edu/decisions-news/2007-09/enrollment.html
  31. ^ "Michigan State University Department of Theatre :: Productions". msu.edu.
  32. ^ "Kresge Art Museum WPA Walking Tour". msu.edu.
  33. ^ "Abrams Planetarium". msu.edu. Archived from the original on May 5, 2007. Retrieved December 9, 2007.
  34. ^ "Forest Akers Golf Courses". msu.edu.
  35. ^ "Hannah Center website". Archived from the original on August 30, 2006.
  36. ^ Boxcar Studio. "East Lansing Public Library – Your Life. Value Added". elpl.org.
  37. ^ "Saper Galleries and Custom Framing full service, award-winning, fine arts gallery of international acclaim". sapergalleries.com.
  38. ^ "Aquatic Center website". Archived from the original on August 4, 2012.
  39. ^ "Yahoo Maps, Driving Directions and Traffic". Yahoo Maps.
  40. ^ Bao, Robert. "Feature: The Coral Gables". Michigan State University. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
  41. ^ "Orchestra Routes". Billboard (magazine). January 10, 1942. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
  42. ^ "Michigan Library and Historical Center".
  43. ^ "Lansing City Market". lansingcitymarket.com. Archived from the original on November 20, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2008.
  44. ^ hostmaster (November 16, 2016). "Haslett". Michigan. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  45. ^ "Untitled Document". msu.edu.
  46. ^ "City Pulse". lansingcitypulse.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2006. Retrieved August 6, 2006.
  47. ^ "Spartanedge – So close to the edge we're practically falling off". spartanedge.com. Archived from the original on October 10, 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
  48. ^ East Lansing Film Festival/
  49. ^ "2015 East Lansing Art Festival – East Lansing Art Festival". elartfest.com.
  50. ^ "Art Fair and Craft Show Listings – Art Fair SourceBook". artfairsourcebook.com.
  51. ^ "East Lansing Art Festival Receives National Ranking > City of East Lansing > News Releases". Archived from the original on May 5, 2011.
  52. ^ "Great Lakes Folk Festival". greatlakesfolkfest.net. Archived from the original on January 28, 2003.
  53. ^ "Boys Basketball". mhsaa.com.
  54. ^ "Odyssey of the Mind – 2007 World Finals". odysseyofthemind.com.
  55. ^ "World Finals – Odyssey of the Mind". www.odysseyofthemind.com. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
  56. ^ "Pecatonica Problem Solvers are Grand Champions", Wisconsin State Journal, June 15, 2009[permanent dead link‍].
  57. ^ "Children's Concert". Archived from the original on May 4, 2011.
  58. ^ "Crystal Awards". Archived from the original on May 4, 2011.
  59. ^ Summer Solstice Jazz Festival/
  60. ^ "Summer Concert Series". Archived from the original on May 4, 2011.
  61. ^ Moonlight Film Festival Archived May 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine/
  62. ^ "One Book One Community East Lansing > Home". onebookeastlansing.com.
  63. ^ Winter Soup & Chili Cookoff Archived May 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine/

Further reading

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[edit]
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